Cloning and characterization of the parC and parE genes of Streptococcus pneumoniae encoding DNA topoisomerase IV: role in fluoroquinolone resistance

This Article

	Full Text (PDF)
	Alert me when this article is cited
	Alert me if a correction is posted

Services

	Similar articles in this journal
	Similar articles in PubMed
	Alert me to new issues of the journal
	Download to citation manager
	Copyright Information
	Books from ASM Press
	MicrobeWorld

Citing Articles

	Citing Articles via HighWire
	Citing Articles via Google Scholar

Google Scholar

	Articles by Pan, X. S.
	Articles by Fisher, L. M.
	Search for Related Content

PubMed

	PubMed Citation
	Articles by Pan, X. S.
	Articles by Fisher, L. M.

J. Bacteriol., 07 1996, 4060-4069, Vol 178, No. 14
Copyright © 1996, American Society for Microbiology

Cloning and characterization of the parC and parE genes of Streptococcus pneumoniae encoding DNA topoisomerase IV: role in fluoroquinolone resistance

XS Pan and LM Fisher
Molecular Genetics Group, Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, University of London, United Kingdom.

DNA topoisomerase IV mediates chromosome segregation and is a potential target for antibacterial agents including new antipneumococcal fluoroquinolones. We have used hybridization to a Staphylococcus aureus gyrB probe in concert with chromosome walking to isolate the Streptococcus pneumoniae parE-parC locus, lying downstream of a putative new insertion sequence and encoding 647-residue ParE and 823- residue ParC subunits of DNA topoisomerase IV. These proteins exhibited greatest homology respectively to the GrlB (ParE) and GrlA (ParC) subunits of S. aureus DNA topoisomerase IV. When combined, whole-cell extracts of Escherichia coli strains expressing S. pneumoniae ParC or ParE proteins reconstituted a salt-insensitive ATP-dependent decatenase activity characteristic of DNA topoisomerase IV. A second gyrB homolog isolated from S. pneumoniae encoded a 648-residue protein which we identified as GyrB through its close homology both to counterparts in S. aureus and Bacillus subtilis and to the product of the S. pneumoniae nov-1 gene that confers novobiocin resistance. gyrB was not closely linked to gyrA. To examine the role of DNA topoisomerase IV in fluoroquinolone action and resistance in S. pneumoniae, we isolated mutant strains stepwise selected for resistance to increasing concentrations of ciprofloxacin. We analysed four low-level resistant mutants and showed that Ser-79 of ParC, equivalent to resistance hotspots Ser-80 of GrlA and Ser-84 of GyrA in S. aureus, was in each case substituted with Tyr. These results suggest that DNA topoisomerase IV is an important target for fluoroquinolones in S. pneumoniae and establish this organism as a useful gram-positive system for resistance studies.

This article has been cited by other articles:

Balsalobre, L., de la Campa, A. G. (2008). Fitness of Streptococcus pneumoniae Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Strains with Topoisomerase IV Recombinant Genes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 52: 822-830 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Homma, T., Hori, T., Sugimori, G., Yamano, Y. (2007). Pharmacodynamic Assessment Based on Mutant Prevention Concentrations of Fluoroquinolones To Prevent the Emergence of Resistant Mutants of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51: 3810-3815 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Varhimo, E., Savijoki, K., Jalava, J., Kuipers, O. P., Varmanen, P. (2007). Identification of a Novel Streptococcal Gene Cassette Mediating SOS Mutagenesis in Streptococcus uberis. J. Bacteriol. 189: 5210-5222 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Rivera, A., Rebollo, M., Miro, E., Mateo, M., Navarro, F., Gurgui, M., Mirelis, B., Coll, P. (2006). Superantigen gene profile, emm type and antibiotic resistance genes among group A streptococcal isolates from Barcelona, Spain.. J Med Microbiol 55: 1115-1123 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Jumbe, N. L., Louie, A., Miller, M. H., Liu, W., Deziel, M. R., Tam, V. H., Bachhawat, R., Drusano, G. L. (2006). Quinolone Efflux Pumps Play a Central Role in Emergence of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50: 310-317 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Korzheva, N., Davies, T. A., Goldschmidt, R. (2005). Novel Ser79Leu and Ser81Ile Substitutions in the Quinolone Resistance-Determining Regions of ParC Topoisomerase IV and GyrA DNA Gyrase Subunits from Recent Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Clinical Isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49: 2479-2486 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Sadowy, E., Izdebski, R., Skoczynska, A., Gniadkowski, M., Hryniewicz, W. (2005). High Genetic Diversity of Ciprofloxacin-Nonsusceptible Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Poland. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49: 2126-2129 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Leo, E., Gould, K. A., Pan, X.-S., Capranico, G., Sanderson, M. R., Palumbo, M., Fisher, L. M. (2005). Novel Symmetric and Asymmetric DNA Scission Determinants for Streptococcus pneumoniae Topoisomerase IV and Gyrase Are Clustered at the DNA Breakage Site. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 14252-14263 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Dupont, P., Aubry, A., Cambau, E., Gutmann, L. (2005). Contribution of the ATP Binding Site of ParE to Susceptibility to Novobiocin and Quinolones in Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Bacteriol. 187: 1536-1540 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Gould, K. A., Pan, X.-S., Kerns, R. J., Fisher, L. M. (2004). Ciprofloxacin Dimers Target Gyrase in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48: 2108-2115 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Pfeiffer, E. S., Hiasa, H. (2004). Replacement of ParC {alpha}4 Helix with That of GyrA Increases the Stability and Cytotoxicity of Topoisomerase IV-Quinolone-DNA Ternary Complexes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48: 608-611 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Flatz, L., Cottagnoud, M., Kuhn, F., Entenza, J., Stucki, A., Cottagnoud, P. (2004). Ceftriaxone acts synergistically with levofloxacin in experimental meningitis and reduces levofloxacin-induced resistance in penicillin-resistant pneumococci. J Antimicrob Chemother 53: 305-310 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Otani, T., Tanaka, M., Ito, E., Kurosaka, Y., Murakami, Y., Onodera, K., Akasaka, T., Sato, K. (2003). In Vitro and In Vivo Antibacterial Activities of DK-507k, a Novel Fluoroquinolone. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47: 3750-3759 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Sifaoui, F., Lamour, V., Varon, E., Moras, D., Gutmann, L. (2003). ATP-Bound Conformation of Topoisomerase IV: a Possible Target for Quinolones in Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Bacteriol. 185: 6137-6146 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Nilius, A. M., Shen, L. L., Hensey-Rudloff, D., Almer, L. S., Beyer, J. M., Balli, D. J., Cai, Y., Flamm, R. K. (2003). In Vitro Antibacterial Potency and Spectrum of ABT-492, a New Fluoroquinolone. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47: 3260-3269 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Kuhn, F., Cottagnoud, M., Acosta, F., Flatz, L., Entenza, J., Cottagnoud, P. (2003). Cefotaxime Acts Synergistically with Levofloxacin in Experimental Meningitis Due to Penicillin-Resistant Pneumococci and Prevents Selection of Levofloxacin-Resistant Mutants In Vitro. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47: 2487-2491 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Johnson, C. N., Benjamin, W. H. Jr., Moser, S. A., Hollingshead, S. K., Zheng, X., Crain, M. J., Nahm, M. H., Waites, K. B. (2003). Genetic Relatedness of Levofloxacin-Nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates from North America. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41: 2458-2464 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Masselot, F., Boulos, A., Maurin, M., Rolain, J. M., Raoult, D. (2003). Molecular Evaluation of Antibiotic Susceptibility: Tropheryma whipplei Paradigm. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47: 1658-1664 [Abstract] [Full Text]
de la Campa, A. G., Ferrandiz, M.-J., Tubau, F., Pallares, R., Manresa, F., Linares, J. (2003). Genetic Characterization of Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Strains Isolated during Ciprofloxacin Therapy from a Patient with Bronchiectasis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47: 1419-1422 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Hiasa, H., Shea, M. E., Richardson, C. M., Gwynn, M. N. (2003). Staphylococcus aureus Gyrase-Quinolone-DNA Ternary Complexes Fail to Arrest Replication Fork Progression in Vitro. EFFECTS OF SALT ON THE DNA BINDING MODE AND THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF S. AUREUS GYRASE. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 8861-8868 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Onodera, Y., Okuda, J., Tanaka, M., Sato, K. (2002). Inhibitory Activities of Quinolones against DNA Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV of Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 1800-1804 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Brueggemann, A. B., Coffman, S. L., Rhomberg, P., Huynh, H., Almer, L., Nilius, A., Flamm, R., Doern, G. V. (2002). Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in United States since 1994-1995. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 680-688 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Piddock, L. J. V., Johnson, M. M., Simjee, S., Pumbwe, L. (2002). Expression of Efflux Pump Gene pmrA in Fluoroquinolone-Resistant and -Susceptible Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 808-812 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Yamakawa, T., Mitsuyama, J., Hayashi, K. (2002). In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activity of T-3912, a novel non-fluorinated topical quinolone. J Antimicrob Chemother 49: 455-465 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Yague, G., Morris, J. E., Pan, X.-S., Gould, K. A., Fisher, L. M. (2002). Cleavable-Complex Formation by Wild-Type and Quinolone-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Type II Topoisomerases Mediated by Gemifloxacin and Other Fluoroquinolones. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 413-419 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Morris, J. E., Pan, X.-S., Fisher, L. M. (2002). Grepafloxacin, a Dimethyl Derivative of Ciprofloxacin, Acts Preferentially through Gyrase in Streptococcus pneumoniae: Role of the C-5 Group in Target Specificity. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 582-585 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Roychoudhury, S., Twinem, T. L., Makin, K. M., Nienaber, M. A., Li, C., Morris, T. W., Ledoussal, B., Catrenich, C. E. (2001). Staphylococcus aureus Mutants Isolated via Exposure to Nonfluorinated Quinolones: Detection of Known and Unique Mutations. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 3422-3426 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Weigel, L. M., Anderson, G. J., Facklam, R. R., Tenover, F. C. (2001). Genetic Analyses of Mutations Contributing to Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 3517-3523 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Pan, X.-S., Yague, G., Fisher, L. M. (2001). Quinolone Resistance Mutations in Streptococcus pneumoniae GyrA and ParC Proteins: Mechanistic Insights into Quinolone Action from Enzymatic Analysis, Intracellular Levels, and Phenotypes of Wild-Type and Mutant Proteins. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 3140-3147 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Hartman-Neumann, S., DenBleyker, K., Pelosi, L. A., Lawrence, L. E., Barrett, J. F., Dougherty, T. J. (2001). Selection and Genetic Characterization of Streptococcus pneumoniae Mutants Resistant to the Des-F(6) Quinolone BMS-284756. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 2865-2870 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Alou, L., Ramirez, M., Garcia-Rey, C., Prieto, J., de Lencastre, H. (2001). Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates with Reduced Susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin in Spain: Clonal Diversity and Appearance of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Epidemic Clones. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 2955-2957 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Fukuda, H., Kishii, R., Takei, M., Hosaka, M. (2001). Contributions of the 8-Methoxy Group of Gatifloxacin to Resistance Selectivity, Target Preference, and Antibacterial Activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 1649-1653 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Richardson, D. C., Bast, D., McGeer, A., Low, D. E. (2001). Evaluation of Susceptibility Testing To Detect Fluoroquinolone Resistance Mechanisms in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 1911-1914 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Boos, M., Mayer, S., Fischer, A., Köhrer, K., Scheuring, S., Heisig, P., Verhoef, J., Fluit, A. C., Schmitz, F.-J. (2001). In Vitro Development of Resistance to Six Quinolones in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 938-942 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Janoir, C., Varon, E., Kitzis, M.-D., Gutmann, L. (2001). New Mutation in ParE in a Pneumococcal In Vitro Mutant Resistant to Fluoroquinolones. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 952-955 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Jorgensen, J. H., Weigel, L. M., Swenson, J. M., Whitney, C. G., Ferraro, M. J., Tenover, F. C. (2000). Activities of Clinafloxacin, Gatifloxacin, Gemifloxacin, and Trovafloxacin against Recent Clinical Isolates of Levofloxacin-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44: 2962-2968 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Bast, D. J., Low, D. E., Duncan, C. L., Kilburn, L., Mandell, L. A., Davidson, R. J., de Azavedo, J. C. S. (2000). Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae: Contributions of Type II Topoisomerase Mutations and Efflux to Levels of Resistance. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44: 3049-3054 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Heaton, V. J., Ambler, J. E., Fisher, L. M. (2000). Potent Antipneumococcal Activity of Gemifloxacin Is Associated with Dual Targeting of Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV, an In Vivo Target Preference for Gyrase, and Enhanced Stabilization of Cleavable Complexes In Vitro. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44: 3112-3117 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Jones, M. E., Staples, A. M., Critchley, I., Thornsberry, C., Heinze, P., Engler, H. D., Sahm, D. F. (2000). Benchmarking the In Vitro Activities of Moxifloxacin and Comparator Agents against Recent Respiratory Isolates from 377 Medical Centers throughout the United States. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44: 2645-2652 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Bébéar, C. M., Grau, O., Charron, A., Renaudin, H., Gruson, D., Bébéar, C. (2000). Cloning and Nucleotide Sequence of the DNA Gyrase (gyrA) Gene from Mycoplasma hominis and Characterization of Quinolone-Resistant Mutants Selected In Vitro with Trovafloxacin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44: 2719-2727 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Nagai, K., Davies, T. A., Pankuch, G. A., Dewasse, B. E., Jacobs, M. R., Appelbaum, P. C. (2000). In Vitro Selection of Resistance to Clinafloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, and Trovafloxacin in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44: 2740-2746 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Sahm, D. F., Peterson, D. E., Critchley, I. A., Thornsberry, C. (2000). Analysis of Ciprofloxacin Activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae after 10 Years of Use in the United States. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44: 2521-2524 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Guerin, F., Varon, E., Hoï, A. B., Gutmann, L., Podglajen, I. (2000). Fluoroquinolone Resistance Associated with Target Mutations and Active Efflux in Oropharyngeal Colonizing Isolates of Viridans Group Streptococci. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44: 2197-2200 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Pestova, E., Millichap, J. J., Noskin, G. A., Peterson, L. R. (2000). Intracellular targets of moxifloxacin: a comparison with other fluoroquinolones. J Antimicrob Chemother 45: 583-590 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Ferrándiz, M. J., Fenoll, A., Liñares, J., De La Campa, A. G. (2000). Horizontal Transfer of parC and gyrA in Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44: 840-847 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Dong, J., Walker, J., Nitiss, J. L. (2000). A Mutation in Yeast Topoisomerase II That Confers Hypersensitivity to Multiple Classes of Topoisomerase II Poisons. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 7980-7987 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Alovero, F. L., Pan, X.-S., Morris, J. E., Manzo, R. H., Fisher, L. M. (2000). Engineering the Specificity of Antibacterial Fluoroquinolones: Benzenesulfonamide Modifications at C-7 of Ciprofloxacin Change Its Primary Target in Streptococcus pneumoniae from Topoisomerase IV to Gyrase. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44: 320-325 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Jones, M. E., Sahm, D. F., Martin, N., Scheuring, S., Heisig, P., Thornsberry, C., Köhrer, K., Schmitz, F.-J. (2000). Prevalence of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE Mutations in Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae with Decreased Susceptibilities to Different Fluoroquinolones and Originating from Worldwide Surveillance Studies during the 1997-1998 Respiratory Season. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44: 462-466 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Heaton, V. J., Goldsmith, C. E., Ambler, J. E., Fisher, L. M. (1999). Activity of Gemifloxacin against Penicillin- and Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Displaying Topoisomerase- and Efflux-Mediated Resistance Mechanisms. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43: 2998-3000 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Morrissey, I., George, J. (1999). Activities of Fluoroquinolones against Streptococcus pneumoniae Type II Topoisomerases Purified as Recombinant Proteins. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43: 2579-2585 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Onodera, Y., Sato, K. (1999). Molecular Cloning of the gyrA and gyrB Genes of Bacteroides fragilis Encoding DNA Gyrase. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43: 2423-2429 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Brisse, S., Fluit, A. C., Wagner, U., Heisig, P., Milatovic, D., Verhoef, J., Scheuring, S., Köhrer, K., Schmitz, F.-J. (1999). Association of Alterations in ParC and GyrA Proteins with Resistance of Clinical Isolates of Enterococcus faecium to Nine Different Fluoroquinolones. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43: 2513-2516 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Pestova, E., Beyer, R., Cianciotto, N. P., Noskin, G. A., Peterson, L. R. (1999). Contribution of Topoisomerase IV and DNA Gyrase Mutations in Streptococcus pneumoniae to Resistance to Novel Fluoroquinolones. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43: 2000-2004 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Pan, X.-S., Fisher, L. M. (1999). Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV: Overexpression, Purification, and Differential Inhibition by Fluoroquinolones. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43: 1129-1136 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Okuda, J., Hayakawa, E., Nishibuchi, M., Nishino, T. (1999). Sequence Analysis of the gyrA and parC Homologues of a Wild-Type Strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Its Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Mutants. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43: 1156-1162 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Davies, T. A., Pankuch, G. A., Dewasse, B. E., Jacobs, M. R., Appelbaum, P. C. (1999). In Vitro Development of Resistance to Five Quinolones and Amoxicillin-Clavulanate in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43: 1177-1182 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Akasaka, T., Onodera, Y., Tanaka, M., Sato, K. (1999). Cloning, Expression, and Enzymatic Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Topoisomerase IV. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43: 530-536 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Varon, E., Janoir, C., Kitzis, M.-D., Gutmann, L. (1999). ParC and GyrA May Be Interchangeable Initial Targets of Some Fluoroquinolones in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43: 302-306 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Jorgensen, J. H., Weigel, L. M., Ferraro, M. J., Swenson, J. M., Tenover, F. C. (1999). Activities of Newer Fluoroquinolones against Streptococcus pneumoniae Clinical Isolates Including Those with Mutations in the gyrA, parC, and parE Loci. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43: 329-334 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Fukuda, H., Hiramatsu, K. (1999). Primary Targets of Fluoroquinolones in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 43: 410-412 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Li, Z., Deguchi, T., Yasuda, M., Kawamura, T., Kanematsu, E., Nishino, Y., Ishihara, S., Kawada, Y. (1998). Alteration in the GyrA Subunit of DNA Gyrase and the ParC Subunit of DNA Topoisomerase IV in Quinolone-Resistant Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42: 3293-3295 [Abstract] [Full Text]
González, I., Georgiou, M., Alcaide, F., Balas, D., Liñares, J., de la Campa, A. G. (1998). Fluoroquinolone Resistance Mutations in the parC, parE, and gyrA Genes of Clinical Isolates of Viridans Group Streptococci. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42: 2792-2798 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Pan, X.-S., Fisher, L. M. (1998). DNA Gyrase and Topoisomerase IV Are Dual Targets of Clinafloxacin Action in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42: 2810-2816 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Piddock, L. J.�V., Johnson, M., Ricci, V., Hill, S. L. (1998). Activities of New Fluoroquinolones against Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Pathogens of the Lower Respiratory Tract. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42: 2956-2960 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Piddock, L. J V (1998). Fluoroquinolone resistance. BMJ 317: 1029-1030 [Full Text]
Taba, H., Kusano, N. (1998). Sparfloxacin Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae: Involvement of Multiple Mutations in gyrA and parC Genes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42: 2193-2196 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Bébéar, C. M., Renaudin, H., Charron, A., Bové, J. M., Bébéar, C., Renaudin, J. (1998). Alterations in Topoisomerase IV and DNA Gyrase in Quinolone-Resistant Mutants of Mycoplasma hominis Obtained In Vitro. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42: 2304-2311 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Bébéar, C. M., Charron, A., Bové, J. M., Bébéar, C., Renaudin, J. (1998). Cloning and Nucleotide Sequences of the Topoisomerase IV parC and parE Genes of Mycoplasma hominis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42: 2024-2031 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Balas, D., Fernández-Moreira, E., De La Campa, A. G. (1998). Molecular Characterization of the Gene Encoding the DNA Gyrase A Subunit of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J. Bacteriol. 180: 2854-2861 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Kanematsu, E., Deguchi, T., Yasuda, M., Kawamura, T., Nishino, Y., Kawada, Y. (1998). Alterations in the GyrA Subunit of DNA Gyrase and the ParC Subunit of DNA Topoisomerase IV Associated with Quinolone Resistance in Enterococcus faecalis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42: 433-435 [Abstract] [Full Text]
Fournier, B., Hooper, D. C. (1998). Mutations in Topoisomerase IV and DNA Gyrase of Staphylococcus aureus: Novel Pleiotropic Effects on Quinolone and Coumarin Activity. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42: 121-128 [Abstract] [Full Text]

Appl. Environ. Microbiol.	Infect. Immun.	Eukaryot. Cell
Mol. Cell. Biol.	J. Virol.	Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.
	ALL ASM JOURNALS