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Journal of Bacteriology, August 1998, p. 4102-4110, Vol. 180, No. 16
0021-9193/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Rhs Elements Comprise Three Subfamilies Which Diverged Prior to Acquisition by Escherichia coli

Yong-Dong Wang, Sheng Zhao,dagger and Charles W. Hill*

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033

Received 28 January 1998/Accepted 2 June 1998

The Rhs elements are complex genetic composites widely spread among Escherichia coli isolates. One of their components, a 3.7-kb, GC-rich core, maintains a single open reading frame that extends the full length of the core and then 400 to 600 bp beyond into an AT-rich region. Whereas Rhs cores are homologous, core extensions from different elements are dissimilar. Two new Rhs elements from strains of the ECOR reference collection have been characterized. RhsG (from strain ECOR-11) maps to min 5.3, and RhsH (from strain ECOR-45) maps to min 32.8, where it lies in tandem with RhsE. Comparison of strain K-12 to ECOR-11 indicates that RhsG was once present in but has been largely deleted from an ancestor of K-12. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the cores from eight known elements fall into three subfamilies, RhsA-B-C-F, RhsD-E, and RhsG-H. Cores from different subfamilies diverge 22 to 29%. Analysis of substitutions that distinguish between subfamilies shows that the origin of the ancestral core as well as the process of subfamily separation occurred in a GC-rich background. Furthermore, each subfamily independently passed from the GC-rich background to a less GC-rich background such as E. coli. A new example of core-extension shuffling provides the first example of exchange between cores of different subfamilies. A novel component of RhsE and RhsG, vgr, encodes a large protein distinguished by 18 to 19 repetitions of a Val-Gly dipeptide occurring with a eight-residue periodicity.

* Corresponding author. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Mail Services H171, Hershey, PA 17033-0850. Phone: (717) 531-8592. Fax: (717) 531-7072. E-mail: chill{at}psu.edu.

dagger Present address: Department of Biomathematics, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030.

Journal of Bacteriology, August 1998, p. 4102-4110, Vol. 180, No. 16
0021-9193/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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