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J Bacteriol, May 1998, p. 2409-2417, Vol. 180, No. 9
0021-9193/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

A Low pH-Inducible, PhoPQ-Dependent Acid Tolerance Response Protects Salmonella typhimurium against Inorganic Acid Stress

Bradley L. Bearson,dagger Lee Wilson, and John W. Foster*

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36688

Received 6 November 1997/Accepted 27 February 1998

The acid tolerance response enables Salmonella typhimurium to survive exposures to potentially lethal acidic environments. The acid stress imposed in a typical assay for acid tolerance (log-phase cells in minimal glucose medium) was shown to comprise both inorganic (i.e., low pH) and organic acid components. A gene previously determined to affect acid tolerance, atbR, was identified as pgi, the gene encoding phosphoglucoisomerase. Mutations in pgi were shown to increase acid tolerance by preventing the synthesis of organic acids. Protocols designed to separate the stresses of inorganic from organic acids revealed that the regulators sigma 38 (RpoS), Fur, and Ada have major effects on tolerance to organic acid stress but only minor effects on inorganic acid stress. In contrast, the two-component regulatory system PhoP (identified as acid shock protein ASP29) and PhoQ proved to be important for tolerance to organic acid stress but had little effect against organic acid stress. PhoP mutants also failed to induce four ASPs, confirming a role for this regulator in acid tolerance. Acid shock induction of PhoP appears to occur at the transcriptional level and requires the PhoPQ system. Furthermore, induction by acid occurs even in the presence of high concentrations of magnesium, the ion known to be sensed by PhoQ. These results suggest that PhoQ can sense both Mg2+ and pH. Since phoP mutants are avirulent, the low pH activation of this system has important implications concerning the pathogenesis of S. typhimurium. The involvement of four regulators, two of which are implicated in virulence, underscores the complexity of the acid tolerance stress response and further suggests that features of acid tolerance and virulence are interwoven.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688. Phone: (334) 460-6323. Fax: (334) 460-7931. E-mail: fosterj{at}sungcg.usouthal.edu.

dagger Present address: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1713.

J Bacteriol, May 1998, p. 2409-2417, Vol. 180, No. 9
0021-9193/98/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1998, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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