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Journal of Bacteriology, April 1999, p. 2017-2025, Vol. 181, No. 7
0021-9193/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Mutational Analysis of the phoD Promoter in Bacillus subtilis: Implications for PhoP Binding and Promoter Activation of Pho Regulon Promoters

Steve Eder, Wei Liu,dagger and F. Marion Hulett*

Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607

Received 27 August 1998/Accepted 14 January 1999

The PhoP-PhoR two-component regulatory system controls the phosphate deficiency response in B. subtilis. A number of Pho regulon genes which require PhoP~P for activation or repression have been identified. The studies reported here were initiated to understand the PhoP-DNA interaction necessary for Pho promoter regulation. The regulatory region of phoD was characterized in detail using oligo-directed mutagenesis, DNase I footprinting, and in vivo transcription assays. These data reveal basic principles of PhoP binding relevant to PhoP's interaction with other Pho regulon promoters. Our results show that: (i) a dimer of PhoP~P is able to bind two consensus repeats in a stable fashion; (ii) PhoP binding is highly cooperative within the core promoter region, which is located from -66 to -17 on the coding strand and contains four TT(A/T/C)ACA-like repeats; (iii) specific bases comprising the TT(A/T/C)ACA consensus are essential for transcriptional activation, but the specific base pairs of the intervening sequences separating the consensus repeats are not important for either PhoP binding or promoter activation; (iv) the spacing between two consensus repeats within a putative dimer binding site in the core region is important for both PhoP binding and promoter activation; (v) the exact spacing between two dimer binding sites within the core region is important for promoter activation but less so for PhoP binding affinity, as long as the repeats are on the same face of the helix; and (vi) the 5' secondary binding region is important for coordinated PhoP binding to the core binding region, making it nearly essential for promoter activation.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Laboratory for Molecular Biology (M/C 567), 900 S. Ashland Ave., University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607. Phone: (312) 996-5460. Fax: (312) 413-2691. E-mail: Hulett{at}uic.edu.

dagger Present address: Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305.

Journal of Bacteriology, April 1999, p. 2017-2025, Vol. 181, No. 7
0021-9193/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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