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Journal of Bacteriology, November 2000, p. 6322-6330, Vol. 182, No. 22
0021-9193/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
Comparative Genetic Analysis of Mycobacterium
ulcerans and Mycobacterium marinum Reveals Evidence of
Recent Divergence
Timothy P.
Stinear,1,*
Grant A.
Jenkin,1
Paul D. R.
Johnson,1,2,3 and
John K.
Davies1
Bacterial Pathogenesis Research Group,
Department of Microbiology, Monash University,
Clayton,1 Microbiology Research
Unit, Royal Children's Hospital,2 and
Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical
Epidemiology, Monash Medical Centre,3 Victoria,
Australia
Received 19 June 2000/Accepted 30 August 2000
Previous studies of the 16S rRNA genes from Mycobacterium
ulcerans and Mycobacterium marinum have suggested a
very close genetic relationship between these species (99.6%
identity). However, these organisms are phenotypically distinct and
cause diseases with very different pathologies. To investigate this
apparent paradox, we compared 3,306 nucleotides from the partial
sequences of eight housekeeping and structural genes derived from 18 M. ulcerans strains and 22 M. marinum
strains. This analysis confirmed the close genetic relationship
inferred from the 16S rRNA data, with nucleotide sequence identity
ranging from 98.1 to 99.7%. The multilocus sequence analysis also
confirmed previous genotype studies of M. ulcerans
that have identified distinct genotypes within a geographical region.
Single isolates of both M. ulcerans and M. marinum that were shown by the sequence analysis to be the most
closely related were then selected for further study. One- and
two-dimensional pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was employed to
compare the architecture and size of the genome from each species.
Genome sizes of approximately 4.4 and 4.6 Mb were obtained for
M. ulcerans and M. marinum,
respectively. Significant macrorestriction fragment polymorphism was
observed between the species. However, hybridization analysis
of DNA cleaved with more frequently cutting enzymes identified
significant preservation of the flanking sequence at seven of the
eight loci sequenced. The exception was the 16S rRNA locus. Two
high-copy-number insertion sequences, IS2404 and
IS2606, have recently been reported in M. ulcerans, and significantly, these elements are not present
in M. marinum. Hybridization of the
AseI restriction fragments from M. ulcerans with IS2404 and IS2606 indicated
widespread genome distribution for both of these repeated sequences.
Taken together, these data strongly suggest that M. ulcerans has recently diverged from M. marinum
by the acquisition and concomitant loss of DNA in a manner analogous to
the emergence of M. tuberculosis, where species
diversity is being driven mainly by the activity of mobile DNA elements.
*
Corresponding author. Mailing address: Bacterial
Pathogenesis Research Group, Department of Microbiology, P.O. Box 53, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia. Phone: 61 3 9905 4809. Fax: 61 3 9905 4811. E-mail:
tim.stinear{at}med.monash.edu.au.
Journal of Bacteriology, November 2000, p. 6322-6330, Vol. 182, No. 22
0021-9193/00/$04.00+0
Copyright © 2000, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
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