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Journal of Bacteriology, August 2001, p. 4823-4838, Vol. 183, No. 16
0021-9193/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JB.183.16.4823-4838.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Genome Sequence and Comparative Analysis of the Solvent-Producing Bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum

Jörk Nölling,1 Gary Breton,1 Marina V. Omelchenko,2 Kira S. Makarova,2,3 Qiandong Zeng,1 Rene Gibson,1 Hong Mei Lee,1 JoAnn Dubois,1 Dayong Qiu,1 Joseph Hitti,1 GTC Sequencing Center Production, Finishing, and Bioinformatics Teams,1,dagger Yuri I. Wolf,3 Roman L. Tatusov,3 Fabrice Sabathe,4 Lynn Doucette-Stamm,1 Philippe Soucaille,4 Michael J. Daly,2 George N. Bennett,5 Eugene V. Koonin,3 and Douglas R. Smith1,*

GTC Sequencing Center, Genome Therapeutics Corporation, Waltham, Massachusetts 024531; Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences,2 and The National Center for Biotechnology Information, The National Institutes of Health,3 Bethesda, Maryland 20814; INSA, Departement de Genie Biochimique, 31077 Toulouse cedex, France4; and Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas 770055

Received 1 February 2001/Accepted 10 May 2001

The genome sequence of the solvent-producing bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 has been determined by the shotgun approach. The genome consists of a 3.94-Mb chromosome and a 192-kb megaplasmid that contains the majority of genes responsible for solvent production. Comparison of C. acetobutylicum to Bacillus subtilis reveals significant local conservation of gene order, which has not been seen in comparisons of other genomes with similar, or, in some cases closer, phylogenetic proximity. This conservation allows the prediction of many previously undetected operons in both bacteria. However, the C. acetobutylicum genome also contains a significant number of predicted operons that are shared with distantly related bacteria and archaea but not with B. subtilis. Phylogenetic analysis is compatible with the dissemination of such operons by horizontal transfer. The enzymes of the solventogenesis pathway and of the cellulosome of C. acetobutylicum comprise a new set of metabolic capacities not previously represented in the collection of complete genomes. These enzymes show a complex pattern of evolutionary affinities, emphasizing the role of lateral gene exchange in the evolution of the unique metabolic profile of the bacterium. Many of the sporulation genes identified in B. subtilis are missing in C. acetobutylicum, which suggests major differences in the sporulation process. Thus, comparative analysis reveals both significant conservation of the genome organization and pronounced differences in many systems that reflect unique adaptive strategies of the two gram-positive bacteria.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: GTC Sequencing Center, Genome Therapeutics Corporation, 100 Beaver St., Waltham, MA 02453. Phone: (781) 398-2378. Fax: (781) 398-2471. E-mail: doug.smith{at}genomecorp.com.

dagger The following individuals from the GTC Sequencing Center made contributions to this project: Tyler Aldredge, Mark Ayers, Romina Bashirzadeh, Harry Bochner, Mike Boivin, Susan Bross, David Bush, Carole Butler, Anne Caron, Anthony Caruso, Robin Cook, Patricia Daggett, Craig Deloughery, Jeff Egan, Dawna Ellston, Marcy Engelstein, Johnny Ezedi, Katie Gilbert, Anil Goyal, Jennifer Guerin, Tay Ho, Kari Holtham, Paul Joseph, Pamela Keagle, Julia Kozlovsky, Mary LaPlante, Gary LeBlanc, Wendy Lumm, Amy Majeski, Steve McDougall, Philip Mank, Jen-i Mao, Diane Nocco, Donivan Patwell, Jonathon Phillips, Bryan Pothier, Shashi Prabhakar, Peter Richterich, Philip Rice, Dawn Rosetti, Mark Rossetti, Marc Rubenfield, Meena Sachdeva, Philip Snell, Rob Spadafora, Lia Spitzer, George Shimer, Hans-Ulrich Thomann, R. Vicaire, Kristen Wall, Ying Wang, Keith Weinstock, Lai Peng Wong, A. Wonsey, Qinxue Xu, and Liping Zhang.

Journal of Bacteriology, August 2001, p. 4823-4838, Vol. 183, No. 16
0021-9193/01/$04.00+0   DOI: 10.1128/JB.183.16.4823-4838.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


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