Global Analysis of the General Stress Response of Bacillus subtilis

doi:10.1128/JB.183.19.5617-5631.2001

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Journal of Bacteriology, October 2001, p. 5617-5631, Vol. 183, No. 19
0021-9193/01/$04.00+0 DOI: 10.1128/JB.183.19.5617-5631.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Global Analysis of the General Stress Response of Bacillus subtilis

Anja Petersohn,¹^,² Matthias Brigulla,³ Stefan Haas,⁴ Jörg D. Hoheisel,² Uwe Völker,³ and Michael Hecker¹^,^*

Institut für Mikrobiologie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, 17487 Greifswald,¹ Laboratorium für Mikrobiologie, Philipps-Universität, and Max-Planck-Institut für Terrestrische Mikrobiologie, 35043 Marburg,³ and Abteilung Theoretische Bioinformatik⁴ and Abteilung Funktionelle Genomanalyse,² Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

Received 16 March 2001/Accepted 9 July 2001

Gene arrays containing all currently known open reading frames of Bacillus subtilis were used to examine the general stressresponse of Bacillus. By proteomics, transcriptional analysis,transposon mutagenesis, and consensus promoter-based screening,75 genes had previously been described as $sigma$ ^B-dependent general stress genes. The present gene array-basedanalysis confirmed 62 of these already known general stress genesand detected 63 additional genes subject to control by the stresssigma factor $sigma$ ^B. At least 24 of these 125 $sigma$ ^B-dependent genes seemed to be subject to a second, $sigma$ ^B-independent stress induction mechanism. Therefore, this transcriptionalprofiling revealed almost four times as many regulon members asthe proteomic approach, but failure of confirmation of all knownmembers of the $sigma$ ^B regulon indicates that even this approach has not yet elucidatedthe entire regulon. Most of the $sigma$ ^B-dependent general stress proteins are probably located in thecytoplasm, but 25 contain at least one membrane-spanning domain,and at least 6 proteins appear to be secreted. The functions ofmost of the newly described genes are still unknown. However,their classification as $sigma$ ^B-dependent stress genes argues that their products most likelyperform functions in stress management and help to provide thenongrowing cell with multiple stress resistance. A comprehensivescreening program analyzing the multiple stress resistance ofmutants with mutations in single stress genes is in progress.The first results of this program, showing the diminished saltresistance of yjbC and yjbD mutants compared to that of the wildtype, are presented. Only a few new $sigma$ ^B-dependent proteins with already known functions were found, amongthem SodA, encoding a superoxide dismutase. In addition to analysisof the $sigma$ ^B-dependent general stress regulon, a comprehensive list of genesinduced by heat, salt, or ethanol stress in a $sigma$ ^B-independent manner is presented. Perhaps the most interestingof the $sigma$ ^B-independent stress phenomena was the induction of the extracytoplasmicfunction sigma factor $sigma$ ^W and its entire regulon by saltshock.

^* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Institut für Mikrobiologie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str.15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany. Phone: 49-3834-864200. Fax: 49-3834-864202.E-mail: hecker{at}biologie.uni-greifswald.de.

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