Genetic Organization of the Region Encoding Regulation, Biosynthesis, and Transport of Rhizobactin 1021, a Siderophore Produced by Sinorhizobium meliloti

doi:10.1128/JB.183.8.2576-2585.2001

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Journal of Bacteriology, April 2001, p. 2576-2585, Vol. 183, No. 8
0021-9193/01/$04.00+0 DOI: 10.1128/JB.183.8.2576-2585.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Genetic Organization of the Region Encoding Regulation, Biosynthesis, and Transport of Rhizobactin 1021, a Siderophore Produced by Sinorhizobium meliloti

Damien Lynch,¹ John O'Brien,² Timothy Welch,³ Paul Clarke,¹ Páraic Ó Cuív,¹ Jorge H. Crosa,³ and Michael O'Connell¹^,^*

School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland¹; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, D14195 Berlin, Germany²; and Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97201-3098³

Received 26 May 2000/Accepted 26 January 2001

Eight genes have been identified that function in the regulation, biosynthesis, and transport of rhizobactin 1021, a hydroxamatesiderophore produced under iron stress by Sinorhizobium meliloti.The genes were sequenced, and transposon insertion mutants wereconstructed for phenotypic analysis. Six of the genes, named rhbABCDEF,function in the biosynthesis of the siderophore and were shownto constitute an operon that is repressed under iron-replete conditions.Another gene in the cluster, named rhtA, encodes the outer membranereceptor protein for rhizobactin 1021. It was shown to be regulatedby iron and to encode a product having 61% similarity to IutA,the outer membrane receptor for aerobactin. Transcription of boththe rhbABCDEF operon and the rhtA gene was found to be positivelyregulated by the product of the eighth gene in the cluster, namedrhrA, which has characteristics of an AraC-type transcriptionalactivator. The six genes in the rhbABCDEF operon have interestinggene junctions with short base overlaps existing between the genes.Similarities between the protein products of the biosynthesisgenes and other proteins suggest that rhizobactin 1021 is synthesizedby the formation of a novel siderophore precursor, 1,3-diaminopropane,which is then modified and attached to citrate in steps resemblingthose of the aerobactin biosynthetic pathway. The cluster of genesis located on the pSyma megaplasmid of S. meliloti 2011. Reversetranscription-PCR with RNA isolated from mature alfalfa nodulesyielded no products for rhbF or rhtA at a time when the nifH genewas strongly expressed, indicating that siderophore biosynthesisand transport genes are not strongly expressed when nitrogenaseis being formed in root nodules. Mutants having transposon insertionsin the biosynthesis or transport genes induced effective nitrogen-fixingnodules on alfalfaplants.

^* Corresponding author. Mailing address: School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland. Phone:353-1-7005318. Fax: 353-1-7005412. E-mail: michael.oconnell{at}dcu.ie.

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