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Journal of Bacteriology, January 2002, p. 525-530, Vol. 184, No. 2
0021-9193/01/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.184.2.525-530.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Luteolin and GroESL Modulate In Vitro Activity of NodD

Kuo-Chen Yeh,1,{dagger} Melicent C. Peck,2 and Sharon R. Long1,2*

Howard Hughes Medical Institute,1 Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-50202

Received 30 May 2001/ Accepted 9 October 2001

In the early stages of symbiosis between the soil bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti and its leguminous host plant, alfalfa, bacterial nodulation (nod) genes are controlled by NodD1, NodD2, and NodD3, members of the LysR family of transcriptional regulators, in response to flavonoid and other inducers released by alfalfa. To gain an understanding of the biochemical aspects of this action, epitope-tagged recombinant NodD1 and NodD3 were overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The DNA binding properties of the purified recombinant NodD proteins were indistinguishable from those of NodD isolated from S. meliloti. In addition, the E. coli GroEL chaperonin copurified with the recombinant NodD proteins. In this study, we showed that NodD proteins are in vitro substrates of the GroESL chaperonin system and that their DNA binding activity is modulated by GroESL. This confirmed the earlier genetic implication that the GroESL chaperonin system is essential for the function of these regulators. Increased DNA binding activity by NodD1 in the presence of luteolin confirmed that NodD1 is involved in recognizing the plant signal during the early stages of symbiosis.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Biological Sciences, Gilbert Lab, 371 Serra Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5020. Phone: (650) 723-3232. Fax: (650) 725-8309. E-mail: srl{at}leland.stanford.edu.

{dagger} Present address: Institute of BioAgricultural Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan 11529, Republic of China.

Journal of Bacteriology, January 2002, p. 525-530, Vol. 184, No. 2
0021-9193/01/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.184.2.525-530.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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