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Influence of Temperature on tRNA Modification in Archaea: Methanococcoides burtonii (Optimum Growth Temperature [T_opt], 23°C) and Stetteria hydrogenophila (T_opt, 95°C)

Kathleen R. Noon,^1, Rebecca Guymon,¹ Pamela F. Crain,¹ James A. McCloskey,^1,2* Michael Thomm,³ Julianne Lim,⁴ and Ricardo Cavicchioli⁴

Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112,¹ Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132,² Institut für Allgemeine Mikrobiologie, Christian Albrechts Universität Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany,³ School of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia⁴

Received 24 March 2003/ Accepted 3 July 2003

We report the first study of tRNA modification in psychrotolerant archaea, specifically in the archaeon Methanococcoides burtonii grown at 4 and 23°C. For comparison, unfractionated tRNA from the archaeal hyperthermophile Stetteria hydrogenophila cultured at 93°C was examined. Analysis of modified nucleosides using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry revealed striking differences in levels and identities of tRNA modifications between the two organisms. Although the modification levels in M. burtonii tRNA are the lowest in any organism of which we are aware, it contains more than one residue per tRNA molecule of dihydrouridine, a molecule associated with maintenance of polynucleotide flexibility at low temperatures. No differences in either identities or levels of modifications, including dihydrouridine, as a function of culture temperature were observed, in contrast to selected tRNA modifications previously reported for archaeal hyperthermophiles. By contrast, S. hydrogenophila tRNA was found to contain a remarkable structural diversity of 31 modified nucleosides, including nine methylated guanosines, with eight different nucleoside species methylated at O-2' of ribose, known to be an effective stabilizing motif in RNA. These results show that some aspects of tRNA modification in archaea are strongly associated with environmental temperature and support the thesis that posttranscriptional modification is a universal natural mechanism for control of RNA molecular structure that operates across a wide temperature range in archaea as well as bacteria.

Present address: Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0606.

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