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Journal of Bacteriology, August 2004, p. 5342-5354, Vol. 186, No. 16
0021-9193/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.186.16.5342-5354.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Penetration of Membrane-Containing Double-Stranded-DNA Bacteriophage PM2 into Pseudoalteromonas Hosts

Hanna M. Kivelä,¹ Rimantas Daugelaviius,^1,2 Riina H. Hankkio,¹ Jaana K. H. Bamford,¹ and Dennis H. Bamford^1*

Faculty of Biosciences and Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Finland,¹ Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania²

Received 16 September 2003/ Accepted 5 May 2004

The icosahedral bacteriophage PM2 has a circular double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome and an internal lipid membrane. It is the only representative of the Corticoviridae family. How the circular supercoiled genome residing inside the viral membrane is translocated into the gram-negative marine Pseudoalteromonas host has been an intriguing question. Here we demonstrate that after binding of the virus to an abundant cell surface receptor, the protein coat is most probably dissociated. During the infection process, the host cell outer membrane becomes transiently permeable to lipophilic gramicidin D molecules proposing fusion with the viral membrane. One of the components of the internal viral lipid core particle is the integral membrane protein P7, with muralytic activity that apparently aids the process of peptidoglycan penetration. Entry of the virion also causes a limited depolarization of the cytoplasmic membrane. These phenomena differ considerably from those observed in the entry process of bacteriophage PRD1, a dsDNA virus, which uses its internal membrane to make a cell envelope-penetrating tubular structure.

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