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The Bvg Virulence Control System Regulates Biofilm Formation in Bordetella bronchiseptica

Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6084,¹ Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1747²

Received 4 April 2004/ Accepted 21 May 2004

Bordetella species utilize the BvgAS (Bordetella virulence gene) two-component signal transduction system to sense the environment and regulate gene expression among at least three phases: a virulent Bvg⁺ phase, a nonvirulent Bvg^– phase, and an intermediate Bvgⁱ phase. Genes expressed in the Bvg⁺ phase encode known virulence factors, including adhesins such as filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and fimbriae, as well as toxins such as the bifunctional adenylate cyclase/hemolysin (ACY). Previous studies showed that in the Bvgⁱ phase, FHA and fimbriae continue to be expressed, but ACY expression is significantly downregulated. In this report, we determine that Bordetella bronchiseptica can form biofilms in vitro and that the generation of biofilm is maximal in the Bvgⁱ phase. We show that FHA is required for maximal biofilm formation and that fimbriae may also contribute to this phenotype. However, expression of ACY inhibits biofilm formation, most likely via interactions with FHA. Therefore, the coordinated regulation of adhesins and ACY expression leads to maximal biofilm formation in the Bvgⁱ phase in B. bronchiseptica.

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