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Journal of Bacteriology, November 2004, p. 7032-7068, Vol. 186, No. 21
0021-9193/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.186.21.7032-7068.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Genome of Bacteriophage P1{dagger}

Malgorzata B. Lobocka,1* Debra J. Rose,2 Guy Plunkett III,2 Marek Rusin,3 Arkadiusz Samojedny,3 Hansjörg Lehnherr,4 Michael B. Yarmolinsky,5 and Frederick R. Blattner2

Department of Microbial Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw,1 Department of Tumor Biology, Centre of Oncology, M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Gliwice, Poland,3 Laboratory of Genetics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin,2 Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Institute of Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany,4 Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland5

Received 11 March 2004/ Accepted 9 July 2004

P1 is a bacteriophage of Escherichia coli and other enteric bacteria. It lysogenizes its hosts as a circular, low-copy-number plasmid. We have determined the complete nucleotide sequences of two strains of a P1 thermoinducible mutant, P1 c1-100. The P1 genome (93,601 bp) contains at least 117 genes, of which almost two-thirds had not been sequenced previously and 49 have no homologs in other organisms. Protein-coding genes occupy 92% of the genome and are organized in 45 operons, of which four are decisive for the choice between lysis and lysogeny. Four others ensure plasmid maintenance. The majority of the remaining 37 operons are involved in lytic development. Seventeen operons are transcribed from {sigma}70 promoters directly controlled by the master phage repressor C1. Late operons are transcribed from promoters recognized by the E. coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme in the presence of the Lpa protein, the product of a C1-controlled P1 gene. Three species of P1-encoded tRNAs provide differential controls of translation, and a P1-encoded DNA methyltransferase with putative bifunctionality influences transcription, replication, and DNA packaging. The genome is particularly rich in Chi recombinogenic sites. The base content and distribution in P1 DNA indicate that replication of P1 from its plasmid origin had more impact on the base compositional asymmetries of the P1 genome than replication from the lytic origin of replication.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbial Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Ul. Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland. Phone: 011 4822 8237188. Fax: 011 4822 6584636. E-mail: lobocka{at}ibb.waw.pl.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://jb.asm.org/

Journal of Bacteriology, November 2004, p. 7032-7068, Vol. 186, No. 21
0021-9193/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.186.21.7032-7068.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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