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Journal of Bacteriology, December 2004, p. 7959-7970, Vol. 186, No. 23
0021-9193/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.186.23.7959-7970.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Population Structure and Evolution of the Bacillus cereus Group{dagger}

Fergus G. Priest,1* Margaret Barker,1 Les W. J. Baillie,2 Edward C. Holmes,3 and Martin C. J. Maiden3,4

School of Life Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh,1 Department of Zoology,3 Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,4 Biological Defense Research Directorate, United States Navy Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland2

Received 5 May 2004/ Accepted 2 September 2004

Representative strains of the Bacillus cereus group of bacteria, including Bacillus anthracis (11 isolates), B. cereus (38 isolates), Bacillus mycoides (1 isolate), Bacillus thuringiensis (53 isolates from 17 serovars), and Bacillus weihenstephanensis (2 isolates) were assigned to 59 sequence types (STs) derived from the nucleotide sequences of seven alleles, glpF, gmk, ilvD, pta, pur, pycA, and tpi. Comparisons of the maximum likelihood (ML) tree of the concatenated sequences with individual gene trees showed more congruence than expected by chance, indicating a generally clonal structure to the population. The STs followed two major lines of descent. Clade 1 comprised B. anthracis strains, numerous B. cereus strains, and rare B. thuringiensis strains, while clade 2 included the majority of the B. thuringiensis strains together with some B. cereus strains. Other species were allocated to a third, heterogeneous clade. The ML trees and split decomposition analysis were used to assign STs to eight lineages within clades 1 and 2. These lineages were defined by bootstrap analysis and by a preponderance of fixed differences over shared polymorphisms among the STs. Lineages were named with reference to existing designations: Anthracis, Cereus I, Cereus II, Cereus III, Kurstaki, Sotto, Thuringiensis, and Tolworthi. Strains from some B. thuringiensis serovars were wholly or largely assigned to a single ST, for example, serovar aizawai isolates were assigned to ST-15, serovar kenyae isolates were assigned to ST-13, and serovar tolworthi isolates were assigned to ST-23, while other serovars, such as serovar canadensis, were genetically heterogeneous. We suggest a revision of the nomenclature in which the lineage and clone are recognized through name and ST designations in accordance with the clonal structure of the population.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: School of Life Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom. Phone: 44 (0) 131 451 3464. Fax: 44 (0) 131 451 3009. E-mail: f.g.priest{at}hw.ac.uk.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://jb.asm.org/.

Journal of Bacteriology, December 2004, p. 7959-7970, Vol. 186, No. 23
0021-9193/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.186.23.7959-7970.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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