This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Supplemental material
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Priest, F. G.
Right arrow Articles by Maiden, M. C. J.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Priest, F. G.
Right arrow Articles by Maiden, M. C. J.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Journal of Bacteriology, December 2004, p. 7959-7970, Vol. 186, No. 23
0021-9193/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.186.23.7959-7970.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Population Structure and Evolution of the Bacillus cereus Group{dagger}

Fergus G. Priest,1* Margaret Barker,1 Les W. J. Baillie,2 Edward C. Holmes,3 and Martin C. J. Maiden3,4

School of Life Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh,1 Department of Zoology,3 Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,4 Biological Defense Research Directorate, United States Navy Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, Maryland2

Received 5 May 2004/ Accepted 2 September 2004

Representative strains of the Bacillus cereus group of bacteria, including Bacillus anthracis (11 isolates), B. cereus (38 isolates), Bacillus mycoides (1 isolate), Bacillus thuringiensis (53 isolates from 17 serovars), and Bacillus weihenstephanensis (2 isolates) were assigned to 59 sequence types (STs) derived from the nucleotide sequences of seven alleles, glpF, gmk, ilvD, pta, pur, pycA, and tpi. Comparisons of the maximum likelihood (ML) tree of the concatenated sequences with individual gene trees showed more congruence than expected by chance, indicating a generally clonal structure to the population. The STs followed two major lines of descent. Clade 1 comprised B. anthracis strains, numerous B. cereus strains, and rare B. thuringiensis strains, while clade 2 included the majority of the B. thuringiensis strains together with some B. cereus strains. Other species were allocated to a third, heterogeneous clade. The ML trees and split decomposition analysis were used to assign STs to eight lineages within clades 1 and 2. These lineages were defined by bootstrap analysis and by a preponderance of fixed differences over shared polymorphisms among the STs. Lineages were named with reference to existing designations: Anthracis, Cereus I, Cereus II, Cereus III, Kurstaki, Sotto, Thuringiensis, and Tolworthi. Strains from some B. thuringiensis serovars were wholly or largely assigned to a single ST, for example, serovar aizawai isolates were assigned to ST-15, serovar kenyae isolates were assigned to ST-13, and serovar tolworthi isolates were assigned to ST-23, while other serovars, such as serovar canadensis, were genetically heterogeneous. We suggest a revision of the nomenclature in which the lineage and clone are recognized through name and ST designations in accordance with the clonal structure of the population.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: School of Life Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom. Phone: 44 (0) 131 451 3464. Fax: 44 (0) 131 451 3009. E-mail: f.g.priest{at}hw.ac.uk.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://jb.asm.org/.

Journal of Bacteriology, December 2004, p. 7959-7970, Vol. 186, No. 23
0021-9193/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.186.23.7959-7970.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Leoff, C., Saile, E., Rauvolfova, J., Quinn, C. P, Hoffmaster, A. R, Zhong, W., Mehta, A. S, Boons, G.-J., Carlson, R. W, Kannenberg, E. L (2009). Secondary cell wall polysaccharides of Bacillus anthracis are antigens that contain specific epitopes which cross-react with three pathogenic Bacillus cereus strains that caused severe disease, and other epitopes common to all the Bacillus cereus strains tested. Glycobiology 19: 665-673 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Sozhamannan, S., McKinstry, M., Lentz, S. M., Jalasvuori, M., McAfee, F., Smith, A., Dabbs, J., Ackermann, H.-W., Bamford, J. K. H., Mateczun, A., Read, T. D. (2008). Molecular Characterization of a Variant of Bacillus anthracis-Specific Phage AP50 with Improved Bacteriolytic Activity. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74: 6792-6796 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kim, W., Kim, J.-Y., Cho, S.-L., Nam, S.-W., Shin, J.-W., Kim, Y.-S., Shin, H.-S. (2008). Glycosyltransferase - a specific marker for the discrimination of Bacillus anthracis from the Bacillus cereus group. J Med Microbiol 57: 279-286 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Cardazzo, B., Negrisolo, E., Carraro, L., Alberghini, L., Patarnello, T., Giaccone, V. (2008). Multiple-Locus Sequence Typing and Analysis of Toxin Genes in Bacillus cereus Food-Borne Isolates. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74: 850-860 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tourasse, N. J., Kolsto, A.-B. (2008). SuperCAT: a supertree database for combined and integrative multilocus sequence typing analysis of the Bacillus cereus group of bacteria (including B. cereus, B. anthracis and B. thuringiensis). Nucleic Acids Res 36: D461-D468 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Leoff, C., Saile, E., Sue, D., Wilkins, P., Quinn, C. P., Carlson, R. W., Kannenberg, E. L. (2008). Cell Wall Carbohydrate Compositions of Strains from the Bacillus cereus Group of Species Correlate with Phylogenetic Relatedness. J. Bacteriol. 190: 112-121 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Vassileva, M., Torii, K., Oshimoto, M., Okamoto, A., Agata, N., Yamada, K., Hasegawa, T., Ohta, M. (2007). A New Phylogenetic Cluster of Cereulide-Producing Bacillus cereus Strains. J. Clin. Microbiol. 45: 1274-1277 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Didelot, X., Falush, D. (2007). Inference of Bacterial Microevolution Using Multilocus Sequence Data. Genetics 175: 1251-1266 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hanage, W. P, Fraser, C., Spratt, B. G (2006). Sequences, sequence clusters and bacterial species. Phil Trans R Soc B 361: 1917-1927 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Polz, M. F, Hunt, D. E, Preheim, S. P, Weinreich, D. M (2006). Patterns and mechanisms of genetic and phenotypic differentiation in marine microbes. Phil Trans R Soc B 361: 2009-2021 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • de Been, M., Francke, C., Moezelaar, R., Abee, T., Siezen, R. J. (2006). Comparative analysis of two-component signal transduction systems of Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis and Bacillus anthracis.. Microbiology 152: 3035-3048 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Choudhury, B., Leoff, C., Saile, E., Wilkins, P., Quinn, C. P., Kannenberg, E. L., Carlson, R. W. (2006). The Structure of the Major Cell Wall Polysaccharide of Bacillus anthracis Is Species-specific. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 27932-27941 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hoffmaster, A. R., Hill, K. K., Gee, J. E., Marston, C. K., De, B. K., Popovic, T., Sue, D., Wilkins, P. P., Avashia, S. B., Drumgoole, R., Helma, C. H., Ticknor, L. O., Okinaka, R. T., Jackson, P. J. (2006). Characterization of Bacillus cereus Isolates Associated with Fatal Pneumonias: Strains Are Closely Related to Bacillus anthracis and Harbor B. anthracis Virulence Genes.. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44: 3352-3360 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Klee, S. R., Ozel, M., Appel, B., Boesch, C., Ellerbrok, H., Jacob, D., Holland, G., Leendertz, F. H., Pauli, G., Grunow, R., Nattermann, H. (2006). Characterization of Bacillus anthracis-Like Bacteria Isolated from Wild Great Apes from Cote d'Ivoire and Cameroon.. J. Bacteriol. 188: 5333-5344 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Vilain, S., Luo, Y., Hildreth, M. B., Brozel, V. S. (2006). Analysis of the Life Cycle of the Soil Saprophyte Bacillus cereus in Liquid Soil Extract and in Soil.. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72: 4970-4977 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Nubel, U., Reissbrodt, R., Weller, A., Grunow, R., Porsch-Ozcurumez, M., Tomaso, H., Hofer, E., Splettstoesser, W., Finke, E.-J., Tschape, H., Witte, W. (2006). Population Structure of Francisella tularensis.. J. Bacteriol. 188: 5319-5324 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Han, C. S., Xie, G., Challacombe, J. F., Altherr, M. R., Bhotika, S. S., Bruce, D., Campbell, C. S., Campbell, M. L., Chen, J., Chertkov, O., Cleland, C., Dimitrijevic, M., Doggett, N. A., Fawcett, J. J., Glavina, T., Goodwin, L. A., Hill, K. K., Hitchcock, P., Jackson, P. J., Keim, P., Kewalramani, A. R., Longmire, J., Lucas, S., Malfatti, S., McMurry, K., Meincke, L. J., Misra, M., Moseman, B. L., Mundt, M., Munk, A. C., Okinaka, R. T., Parson-Quintana, B., Reilly, L. P., Richardson, P., Robinson, D. L., Rubin, E., Saunders, E., Tapia, R., Tesmer, J. G., Thayer, N., Thompson, L. S., Tice, H., Ticknor, L. O., Wills, P. L., Brettin, T. S., Gilna, P. (2006). Pathogenomic Sequence Analysis of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates Closely Related to Bacillus anthracis. J. Bacteriol. 188: 3382-3390 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hao, W., Golding, G. B. (2006). The fate of laterally transferred genes: Life in the fast lane to adaptation or death.. Genome Res 16: 636-643 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Daffonchio, D., Raddadi, N., Merabishvili, M., Cherif, A., Carmagnola, L., Brusetti, L., Rizzi, A., Chanishvili, N., Visca, P., Sharp, R., Borin, S. (2006). Strategy for Identification of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis Strains Closely Related to Bacillus anthracis. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72: 1295-1301 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Sorokin, A., Candelon, B., Guilloux, K., Galleron, N., Wackerow-Kouzova, N., Ehrlich, S. D., Bourguet, D., Sanchis, V. (2006). Multiple-Locus Sequence Typing Analysis of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis Reveals Separate Clustering and a Distinct Population Structure of Psychrotrophic Strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72: 1569-1578 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ehling-Schulz, M., Svensson, B., Guinebretiere, M.-H., Lindback, T., Andersson, M., Schulz, A., Fricker, M., Christiansson, A., Granum, P. E., Martlbauer, E., Nguyen-The, C., Salkinoja-Salonen, M., Scherer, S. (2005). Emetic toxin formation of Bacillus cereus is restricted to a single evolutionary lineage of closely related strains. Microbiology 151: 183-197 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»