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Journal of Bacteriology, February 2004, p. 1060-1064, Vol. 186, No. 4
0021-9193/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.186.4.1060-1064.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Evolution of Staphylococcus aureus by Large Chromosomal Replacements

D. Ashley Robinson and Mark C. Enright*

Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom

Received 14 July 2003/ Accepted 3 November 2003

Conjugative transfer and replacement of hundreds of kilobases of a bacterial chromosome can occur in vitro, but replacements in nature are either an order of magnitude smaller or involve the movement of mobile genetic elements. We discovered that two lineages of Staphylococcus aureus, including a pandemic methicillin-resistant lineage, were founded by single chromosomal replacements of at least ~244 and ~557 kb representing ~10 and ~20% of the chromosome, respectively, without the obvious involvement of mobile genetic elements. The replacements are unprecedented in natural populations of bacteria because of their large size and unique structure and may have a dramatic impact on bacterial evolution.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom. Phone: 44-1225-386871. Fax: 44-1225-386779. E-mail: m.c.enright{at}bath.ac.uk.

Journal of Bacteriology, February 2004, p. 1060-1064, Vol. 186, No. 4
0021-9193/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.186.4.1060-1064.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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