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Journal of Bacteriology, March 2004, p. 1518-1530, Vol. 186, No. 5
0021-9193/04/$08.00+0 DOI: 10.1128/JB.186.5.1518-1530.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
eBURST: Inferring Patterns of Evolutionary Descent among Clusters of Related Bacterial Genotypes from Multilocus Sequence Typing Data
Edward J. Feil,1* Bao C. Li,2 David M. Aanensen,2 William P. Hanage,2 and Brian G. Spratt2
Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY,1
Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital Campus, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom2
Received 29 August 2003/
Accepted 14 November 2003
The introduction of multilocus sequence typing (MLST) for the precise characterization of isolates of bacterial pathogens has had a marked impact on both routine epidemiological surveillance and microbial population biology. In both fields, a key prerequisite for exploiting this resource is the ability to discern the relatedness and patterns of evolutionary descent among isolates with similar genotypes. Traditional clustering techniques, such as dendrograms, provide a very poor representation of recent evolutionary events, as they attempt to reconstruct relationships in the absence of a realistic model of the way in which bacterial clones emerge and diversify to form clonal complexes. An increasingly popular approach, called BURST, has been used as an alternative, but present implementations are unable to cope with very large data sets and offer crude graphical outputs. Here we present a new implementation of this algorithm, eBURST, which divides an MLST data set of any size into groups of related isolates and clonal complexes, predicts the founding (ancestral) genotype of each clonal complex, and computes the bootstrap support for the assignment. The most parsimonious patterns of descent of all isolates in each clonal complex from the predicted founder(s) are then displayed. The advantages of eBURST for exploring patterns of evolutionary descent are demonstrated with a number of examples, including the simple Spain23F-1 clonal complex of Streptococcus pneumoniae, "population snapshots" of the entire S. pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus MLST databases, and the more complicated clonal complexes observed for Campylobacter jejuni and Neisseria meningitidis.
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom. Phone: 44 1225 383021. Fax: 44 1225 386779. E-mail: e.feil{at}bath.ac.uk.
Journal of Bacteriology, March 2004, p. 1518-1530, Vol. 186, No. 5
0021-9193/04/$08.00+0 DOI: 10.1128/JB.186.5.1518-1530.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.
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72: 5666-5669
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McCombie, R. L., Finkelstein, R. A., Woods, D. E.
(2006). Multilocus Sequence Typing of Historical Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolates Collected in Southeast Asia from 1964 to 1967 Provides Insight into the Epidemiology of Melioidosis.. J. Clin. Microbiol.
44: 2951-2962
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van Berkum, P., Elia, P., Eardly, B. D.
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188: 5570-5577
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Price, E. P., Thiruvenkataswamy, V., Mickan, L., Unicomb, L., Rios, R. E., Huygens, F., Giffard, P. M.
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55: 1061-1070
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Clarke, S. C., Jefferies, J. M. C., Smith, A. J., McMenamin, J., Mitchell, T. J., Edwards, G. F. S.
(2006). Pneumococci causing invasive disease in children prior to the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Scotland.. J Med Microbiol
55: 1079-1084
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Singh, A., Goering, R. V., Simjee, S., Foley, S. L., Zervos, M. J.
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Harbottle, H., White, D. G., McDermott, P. F., Walker, R. D., Zhao, S.
(2006). Comparison of Multilocus Sequence Typing, Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Typing for Characterization of Salmonella enterica Serotype Newport Isolates.. J. Clin. Microbiol.
44: 2449-2457
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Strommenger, B., Kettlitz, C., Weniger, T., Harmsen, D., Friedrich, A. W., Witte, W.
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44: 2533-2540
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Vesaratchavest, M., Tumapa, S., Day, N. P. J., Wuthiekanun, V., Chierakul, W., Holden, M. T. G., White, N. J., Currie, B. J., Spratt, B. G., Feil, E. J., Peacock, S. J.
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44: 2553-2557
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Marsh, J. W., O'Leary, M. M., Shutt, K. A., Pasculle, A. W., Johnson, S., Gerding, D. N., Muto, C. A., Harrison, L. H.
(2006). Multilocus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis for Investigation of Clostridium difficile Transmission in Hospitals.. J. Clin. Microbiol.
44: 2558-2566
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Camargo, I. L. B. C., Dalla Costa, L. M., Woodford, N., Gilmore, M. S., Darini, A. L. C.
(2006). Sequence Analysis of Enterococcus faecium Strain 10/96A (VanD4), the Original Vancomycin-Resistant E. faecium Strain in Brazil.. J. Clin. Microbiol.
44: 2635-2637
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Pettigrew, M. M., Fennie, K. P., York, M. P., Daniels, J., Ghaffar, F.
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Ruiz-Garbajosa, P., Bonten, M. J. M., Robinson, D. A., Top, J., Nallapareddy, S. R., Torres, C., Coque, T. M., Canton, R., Baquero, F., Murray, B. E., del Campo, R., Willems, R. J. L.
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44: 2220-2228
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Cho, D. T., Cha, H. Y., Chang, H.-H., Kim, S.-W., Chung, J. M., Kim, J., Lee, Y. C., Seol, S. Y., Lee, J. C.
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Kinana, A. D., Cardinale, E., Tall, F., Bahsoun, I., Sire, J.-M., Garin, B., Breurec, S., Boye, C. S.-B., Perrier-Gros-Claude, J.-D.
(2006). Genetic Diversity and Quinolone Resistance in Campylobacter jejuni Isolates from Poultry in Senegal.. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
72: 3309-3313
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Vos, M., Velicer, G. J.
(2006). Genetic Population Structure of the Soil Bacterium Myxococcus xanthus at the Centimeter Scale.. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
72: 3615-3625
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Octavia, S., Lan, R.
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Zemlickova, H., Melter, O., Urbaskova, P.
(2006). Epidemiological relationships among penicillin non-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae strains recovered in the Czech Republic.. J Med Microbiol
55: 437-442
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Beall, B., McEllistrem, M. C., Gertz, R. E. Jr., Wedel, S., Boxrud, D. J., Gonzalez, A. L., Medina, M.-J., Pai, R., Thompson, T. A., Harrison, L. H., McGee, L., Whitney, C. G., the Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team,
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44: 999-1017
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Leavis, H. L., Willems, R. J. L., Top, J., Bonten, M. J. M.
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44: 1059-1064
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Coffey, T. J., Pullinger, G. D., Urwin, R., Jolley, K. A., Wilson, S. M., Maiden, M. C., Leigh, J. A.
(2006). First Insights into the Evolution of Streptococcus uberis: a Multilocus Sequence Typing Scheme That Enables Investigation of Its Population Biology. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
72: 1420-1428
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Pullinger, G. D., Lopez-Benavides, M., Coffey, T. J., Williamson, J. H., Cursons, R. T., Summers, E., Lacy-Hulbert, J., Maiden, M. C., Leigh, J. A.
(2006). Application of Streptococcus uberis Multilocus Sequence Typing: Analysis of the Population Structure Detected among Environmental and Bovine Isolates from New Zealand and the United Kingdom. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
72: 1429-1436
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Sa-Leao, R., Simoes, A. S., Nunes, S., Sousa, N. G., Frazao, N., de Lencastre, H.
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Sadowy, E., Skoczynska, A., Fiett, J., Gniadkowski, M., Hryniewicz, W.
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Miller, W. G., Englen, M. D., Kathariou, S., Wesley, I. V., Wang, G., Pittenger-Alley, L., Siletz, R. M., Muraoka, W., Fedorka-Cray, P. J., Mandrell, R. E.
(2006). Identification of host-associated alleles by multilocus sequence typing of Campylobacter coli strains from food animals. Microbiology
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Stephens, A. J., Huygens, F., Inman-Bamber, J., Price, E. P., Nimmo, G. R., Schooneveldt, J., Munckhof, W., Giffard, P. M.
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Robinson, D. A., Monk, A. B., Cooper, J. E., Feil, E. J., Enright, M. C.
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Scally, M., Schuenzel, E. L., Stouthamer, R., Nunney, L.
(2005). Multilocus Sequence Type System for the Plant Pathogen Xylella fastidiosa and Relative Contributions of Recombination and Point Mutation to Clonal Diversity. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
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