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Journal of Bacteriology, July 2005, p. 4774-4781, Vol. 187, No. 14
0021-9193/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.187.14.4774-4781.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

The Ubiquitous Protein Domain EAL Is a Cyclic Diguanylate-Specific Phosphodiesterase: Enzymatically Active and Inactive EAL Domains{dagger}

Andrew J. Schmidt,{ddagger} Dmitri A. Ryjenkov,{ddagger} and Mark Gomelsky*

Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming

Received 30 January 2005/ Accepted 5 April 2005

The EAL domain (also known as domain of unknown function 2 or DUF2) is a ubiquitous signal transduction protein domain in the Bacteria. Its involvement in hydrolysis of the novel second messenger cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) was demonstrated in vivo but not in vitro. The EAL domain-containing protein Dos from Escherichia coli was reported to hydrolyze cyclic AMP (cAMP), implying that EAL domains have different substrate specificities. To investigate the biochemical activity of EAL, the E. coli EAL domain-containing protein YahA and its individual EAL domain were overexpressed, purified, and characterized in vitro. Both full-length YahA and the EAL domain hydrolyzed c-di-GMP into linear dimeric GMP, providing the first biochemical evidence that the EAL domain is sufficient for phosphodiesterase activity. This activity was c-di-GMP specific, optimal at alkaline pH, dependent on Mg2+ or Mn2+, strongly inhibited by Ca2+, and independent of protein oligomerization. Linear dimeric GMP was shown to be 5'pGpG. The EAL domain from Dos was overexpressed, purified, and found to function as a c-di-GMP-specific phosphodiesterase, not as a cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase, in contrast to previous reports. The EAL domains can hydrolyze 5'pGpG into GMP, however, very slowly, thus implying that this activity is irrelevant in vivo. Therefore, c-di-GMP is the exclusive substrate of EAL. Multiple-sequence alignment revealed two groups of EAL domains hypothesized to correspond to enzymatically active and inactive domains. The domains in the latter group have mutations in residues conserved in the active domains. The enzymatic inactivity of EAL domains may explain their coexistence with GGDEF domains in proteins possessing c-di-GMP synthase (diguanulate cyclase) activity.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Dept. 3944, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY 82071. Phone: (307) 766-3522. Fax: (307) 766-3875. E-mail: gomelsky{at}uwyo.edu.

{dagger} This paper is dedicated to the memory of Professor Moshe Benziman, Hebrew University, Israel, in whose laboratory cyclic diguanylate and enzymes involved in its synthesis and hydrolysis were discovered.

{ddagger} A.J.S. and D.A.R contributed equally to this study.

Journal of Bacteriology, July 2005, p. 4774-4781, Vol. 187, No. 14
0021-9193/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.187.14.4774-4781.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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