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Journal of Bacteriology, February 2005, p. 1485-1492, Vol. 187, No. 4
0021-9193/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.187.4.1485-1492.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Host Gene Expression Changes and DNA Amplification during Temperate Phage Induction{dagger}

Jonathan G. Frye,{ddagger} Steffen Porwollik, Felisa Blackmer, Pui Cheng, and Michael McClelland*

Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, San Diego, California

Received 16 January 2004/ Accepted 10 November 2004

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 harbors four temperate prophages. The lytic cycle of these phages was induced with hydrogen peroxide or mitomycin C. Microarray analysis was used to monitor the increase in phage genome copy number and the changes in RNA expression. Phage gene transcription was classified temporally, and host genes that responded to hydrogen peroxide, mitomycin C, or phage induction were also identified. A region of the serovar Typhimurium LT2 host genome encompassing hundreds of genes, flanking the Fels-1 lambdoid prophage, was amplified manyfold during lytic induction, presumably due to Fels-1 runoff replication prior to excision, a phenomenon termed escape replication. An excisionase (xis) mutant of Fels-1 also induced escape replication but did not get packaged. Gifsy-1, a lambdoid prophage that does not normally produce escape replication, did so after deletion of either its integrase or excisionase genes. Escape replication is probably widespread; large regions of host genome amplification were also observed after phage induction in serovar Typhimurium strains SL1344 and 14028s at the suspected integration site of prophage genomes.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, 10835 Altman Row, San Diego, CA 92121. Phone: (858) 450-5990, ext. 280. Fax: (858) 550-3998. E-mail: mmcclelland{at}skcc.org.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://jb.asm.org/.

{ddagger} Present address: Antimicrobial Resistance Research Unit, ARS, SAA, USDA, Russell Research Center, Athens, GA 30605.

Journal of Bacteriology, February 2005, p. 1485-1492, Vol. 187, No. 4
0021-9193/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.187.4.1485-1492.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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