This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Supplemental material
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Weber, H.
Right arrow Articles by Hengge, R.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Weber, H.
Right arrow Articles by Hengge, R.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Journal of Bacteriology, March 2005, p. 1591-1603, Vol. 187, No. 5
0021-9193/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.187.5.1591-1603.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Genome-Wide Analysis of the General Stress Response Network in Escherichia coli: {sigma}S-Dependent Genes, Promoters, and Sigma Factor Selectivity{dagger}

Harald Weber,1 Tino Polen,2 Johanna Heuveling,1 Volker F. Wendisch,2 and Regine Hengge1*

Institut für Biologie, Mikrobiologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin,1 Institut für Biotechnologie I, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany2

Received 3 August 2004/ Accepted 22 November 2004

The {sigma}S (or RpoS) subunit of RNA polymerase is the master regulator of the general stress response in Escherichia coli. While nearly absent in rapidly growing cells, {sigma}S is strongly induced during entry into stationary phase and/or many other stress conditions and is essential for the expression of multiple stress resistances. Genome-wide expression profiling data presented here indicate that up to 10% of the E. coli genes are under direct or indirect control of {sigma}S and that {sigma}S should be considered a second vegetative sigma factor with a major impact not only on stress tolerance but on the entire cell physiology under nonoptimal growth conditions. This large data set allowed us to unequivocally identify a {sigma}S consensus promoter in silico. Moreover, our results suggest that {sigma}S-dependent genes represent a regulatory network with complex internal control (as exemplified by the acid resistance genes). This network also exhibits extensive regulatory overlaps with other global regulons (e.g., the cyclic AMP receptor protein regulon). In addition, the global regulatory protein Lrp was found to affect {sigma}S and/or {sigma}70 selectivity of many promoters. These observations indicate that certain modules of the {sigma}S-dependent general stress response can be temporarily recruited by stress-specific regulons, which are controlled by other stress-responsive regulators that act together with {sigma}70 RNA polymerase. Thus, not only the expression of genes within a regulatory network but also the architecture of the network itself can be subject to regulation.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Institut für Biologie, Mikrobiologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 12-16a, 14195 Berlin, Germany. Phone: 49-30-838-53119. Fax: 49-30-838-53118. E-mail: Rhenggea{at}zedat.fu-berlin.de.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://jb.asm.org/.

Journal of Bacteriology, March 2005, p. 1591-1603, Vol. 187, No. 5
0021-9193/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.187.5.1591-1603.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Merrikh, H., Ferrazzoli, A. E., Lovett, S. T. (2009). Growth Phase and (p)ppGpp Control of IraD, a Regulator of RpoS Stability, in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 191: 7436-7446 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Carabetta, V. J., Mohanty, B. K., Kushner, S. R., Silhavy, T. J. (2009). The Response Regulator SprE (RssB) Modulates Polyadenylation and mRNA Stability in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 191: 6812-6821 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ferrieres, L., Thompson, A., Clarke, D. J. (2009). Elevated levels of {sigma}S inhibit biofilm formation in Escherichia coli: a role for the Rcs phosphorelay. Microbiology 155: 3544-3553 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Miller, E. N., Jarboe, L. R., Turner, P. C., Pharkya, P., Yomano, L. P., York, S. W., Nunn, D., Shanmugam, K. T., Ingram, L. O. (2009). Furfural Inhibits Growth by Limiting Sulfur Assimilation in Ethanologenic Escherichia coli Strain LY180. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75: 6132-6141 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ito, A., Taniuchi, A., May, T., Kawata, K., Okabe, S. (2009). Increased Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli in Mature Biofilms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75: 4093-4100 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tarassova, K., Tegova, R., Tover, A., Teras, R., Tark, M., Saumaa, S., Kivisaar, M. (2009). Elevated Mutation Frequency in Surviving Populations of Carbon-Starved rpoS-Deficient Pseudomonas putida Is Caused by Reduced Expression of Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase. J. Bacteriol. 191: 3604-3614 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bergholz, T. M., Vanaja, S. K., Whittam, T. S. (2009). Gene Expression Induced in Escherichia coli O157:H7 upon Exposure to Model Apple Juice. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75: 3542-3553 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Barth, E., Gora, K. V., Gebendorfer, K. M., Settele, F., Jakob, U., Winter, J. (2009). Interplay of cellular cAMP levels, {sigma}S activity and oxidative stress resistance in Escherichia coli. Microbiology 155: 1680-1689 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Mulay, V. B., Caimano, M. J., Iyer, R., Dunham-Ems, S., Liveris, D., Petzke, M. M., Schwartz, I., Radolf, J. D. (2009). Borrelia burgdorferi bba74 Is Expressed Exclusively during Tick Feeding and Is Regulated by Both Arthropod- and Mammalian Host-Specific Signals. J. Bacteriol. 191: 2783-2794 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hovel-Miner, G., Pampou, S., Faucher, S. P., Clarke, M., Morozova, I., Morozov, P., Russo, J. J., Shuman, H. A., Kalachikov, S. (2009). {sigma}S Controls Multiple Pathways Associated with Intracellular Multiplication of Legionella pneumophila. J. Bacteriol. 191: 2461-2473 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Sommerfeldt, N., Possling, A., Becker, G., Pesavento, C., Tschowri, N., Hengge, R. (2009). Gene expression patterns and differential input into curli fimbriae regulation of all GGDEF/EAL domain proteins in Escherichia coli. Microbiology 155: 1318-1331 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kailasan Vanaja, S., Bergholz, T. M., Whittam, T. S. (2009). Characterization of the Escherichia coli O157:H7 Sakai GadE Regulon. J. Bacteriol. 191: 1868-1877 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tschowri, N., Busse, S., Hengge, R. (2009). The BLUF-EAL protein YcgF acts as a direct anti-repressor in a blue-light response of Escherichia coli. Genes Dev. 23: 522-534 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • De Lay, N., Gottesman, S. (2009). The Crp-Activated Small Noncoding Regulatory RNA CyaR (RyeE) Links Nutritional Status to Group Behavior. J. Bacteriol. 191: 461-476 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ionescu, M., Belkin, S. (2009). Overproduction of Exopolysaccharides by an Escherichia coli K-12 rpoS Mutant in Response to Osmotic Stress. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 75: 483-492 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Dong, T., Coombes, B. K., Schellhorn, H. E. (2009). Role of RpoS in the Virulence of Citrobacter rodentium. Infect. Immun. 77: 501-507 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • England, P., Westblade, L. F., Karimova, G., Robbe-Saule, V., Norel, F., Kolb, A. (2008). Binding of the Unorthodox Transcription Activator, Crl, to the Components of the Transcription Machinery. J. Biol. Chem. 283: 33455-33464 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Jakomin, M., Chessa, D., Baumler, A. J., Casadesus, J. (2008). Regulation of the Salmonella enterica std Fimbrial Operon by DNA Adenine Methylation, SeqA, and HdfR. J. Bacteriol. 190: 7406-7413 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lemuth, K., Hardiman, T., Winter, S., Pfeiffer, D., Keller, M. A., Lange, S., Reuss, M., Schmid, R. D., Siemann-Herzberg, M. (2008). Global Transcription and Metabolic Flux Analysis of Escherichia coli in Glucose-Limited Fed-Batch Cultivations. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74: 7002-7015 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Guisbert, E., Yura, T., Rhodius, V. A., Gross, C. A. (2008). Convergence of Molecular, Modeling, and Systems Approaches for an Understanding of the Escherichia coli Heat Shock Response. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 72: 545-554 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Spira, B., Hu, X., Ferenci, T. (2008). Strain variation in ppGpp concentration and RpoS levels in laboratory strains of Escherichia coli K-12. Microbiology 154: 2887-2895 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Pesavento, C., Becker, G., Sommerfeldt, N., Possling, A., Tschowri, N., Mehlis, A., Hengge, R. (2008). Inverse regulatory coordination of motility and curli-mediated adhesion in Escherichia coli. Genes Dev. 22: 2434-2446 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Guillemet, M. L., Moreau, P. L. (2008). Fur-Dependent Detoxification of Organic Acids by rpoS Mutants during Prolonged Incubation under Aerobic, Phosphate Starvation Conditions. J. Bacteriol. 190: 5567-5575 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ehira, S., Shirai, T., Teramoto, H., Inui, M., Yukawa, H. (2008). Group 2 Sigma Factor SigB of Corynebacterium glutamicum Positively Regulates Glucose Metabolism under Conditions of Oxygen Deprivation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74: 5146-5152 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Eraso, J. M., Roh, J. H., Zeng, X., Callister, S. J., Lipton, M. S., Kaplan, S. (2008). Role of the Global Transcriptional Regulator PrrA in Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1: Combined Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis. J. Bacteriol. 190: 4831-4848 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Johnson, D. R., Brodie, E. L., Hubbard, A. E., Andersen, G. L., Zinder, S. H., Alvarez-Cohen, L. (2008). Temporal Transcriptomic Microarray Analysis of "Dehalococcoides ethenogenes" Strain 195 during the Transition into Stationary Phase. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74: 2864-2872 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wolfe, A. J., Parikh, N., Lima, B. P., Zemaitaitis, B. (2008). Signal Integration by the Two-Component Signal Transduction Response Regulator CpxR. J. Bacteriol. 190: 2314-2322 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Nanchen, A., Schicker, A., Revelles, O., Sauer, U. (2008). Cyclic AMP-Dependent Catabolite Repression Is the Dominant Control Mechanism of Metabolic Fluxes under Glucose Limitation in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 190: 2323-2330 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Laubacher, M. E., Ades, S. E. (2008). The Rcs Phosphorelay Is a Cell Envelope Stress Response Activated by Peptidoglycan Stress and Contributes to Intrinsic Antibiotic Resistance. J. Bacteriol. 190: 2065-2074 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ruiz, C., McMurry, L. M., Levy, S. B. (2008). Role of the Multidrug Resistance Regulator MarA in Global Regulation of the hdeAB Acid Resistance Operon in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 190: 1290-1297 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Gourion, B., Francez-Charlot, A., Vorholt, J. A. (2008). PhyR Is Involved in the General Stress Response of Methylobacterium extorquens AM1. J. Bacteriol. 190: 1027-1035 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • White-Ziegler, C. A., Um, S., Perez, N. M., Berns, A. L., Malhowski, A. J., Young, S. (2008). Low temperature (23 {degrees}C) increases expression of biofilm-, cold-shock- and RpoS-dependent genes in Escherichia coli K-12. Microbiology 154: 148-166 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Abdallah, J., Caldas, T., Kthiri, F., Kern, R., Richarme, G. (2007). YhbO Protects Cells against Multiple Stresses. J. Bacteriol. 189: 9140-9144 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Sezonov, G., Joseleau-Petit, D., D'Ari, R. (2007). Escherichia coli Physiology in Luria-Bertani Broth. J. Bacteriol. 189: 8746-8749 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Huang, Y., Leming, C. L., Suyemoto, M., Altier, C. (2007). Genome-Wide Screen of Salmonella Genes Expressed during Infection in Pigs, Using In Vivo Expression Technology. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73: 7522-7530 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Gualdi, L., Tagliabue, L., Landini, P. (2007). Biofilm Formation-Gene Expression Relay System in Escherichia coli: Modulation of {sigma}S-Dependent Gene Expression by the CsgD Regulatory Protein via {sigma}S Protein Stabilization. J. Bacteriol. 189: 8034-8043 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Cabeza, M. L., Aguirre, A., Soncini, F. C., Vescovi, E. G. (2007). Induction of RpoS Degradation by the Two-Component System Regulator RstA in Salmonella enterica. J. Bacteriol. 189: 7335-7342 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Darmon, E., Lopez-Vernaza, M. A., Helness, A. C., Borking, A., Wilson, E., Thacker, Z., Wardrope, L., Leach, D. R. F. (2007). SbcCD Regulation and Localization in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 189: 6686-6694 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kaczanowska, M., Ryden-Aulin, M. (2007). Ribosome Biogenesis and the Translation Process in Escherichia coli. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 71: 477-494 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Sayed, A. K., Odom, C., Foster, J. W. (2007). The Escherichia coli AraC-family regulators GadX and GadW activate gadE, the central activator of glutamate-dependent acid resistance. Microbiology 153: 2584-2592 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Jennison, A. V., Verma, N. K. (2007). The acid-resistance pathways of Shigella flexneri 2457T. Microbiology 153: 2593-2602 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Segal, H., Jacobson, R. K., Garny, S., Bamford, C. M., Elisha, B. G. (2007). Extended 10 Promoter in ISAba-1 Upstream of blaOXA-23 from Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51: 3040-3041 [Full Text]  
  • Rasouly, A., Shenhar, Y., Ron, E. Z. (2007). Thermoregulation of Escherichia coli hchA Transcript Stability. J. Bacteriol. 189: 5779-5781 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kenyon, W. J., Nicholson, K. L., Rezuchova, B., Homerova, D., Garcia-del Portillo, F., Finlay, B. B., Pallen, M. J., Kormanec, J., Spector, M. P. (2007). {sigma}s-Dependent carbon-starvation induction of pbpG (PBP 7) is required for the starvation-stress response in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Microbiology 153: 2148-2158 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Sauviac, L., Philippe, H., Phok, K., Bruand, C. (2007). An Extracytoplasmic Function Sigma Factor Acts as a General Stress Response Regulator in Sinorhizobium meliloti. J. Bacteriol. 189: 4204-4216 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Mitchell, J. E., Oshima, T., Piper, S. E., Webster, C. L., Westblade, L. F., Karimova, G., Ladant, D., Kolb, A., Hobman, J. L., Busby, S. J. W., Lee, D. J. (2007). The Escherichia coli Regulator of Sigma 70 Protein, Rsd, Can Up-Regulate Some Stress-Dependent Promoters by Sequestering Sigma 70. J. Bacteriol. 189: 3489-3495 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Fredriksson, A., Ballesteros, M., Peterson, C. N., Persson, O., Silhavy, T. J., Nystrom, T. (2007). Decline in ribosomal fidelity contributes to the accumulation and stabilization of the master stress response regulator {sigma}S upon carbon starvation. Genes Dev. 21: 862-874 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Moreau, P. L. (2007). The Lysine Decarboxylase CadA Protects Escherichia coli Starved of Phosphate against Fermentation Acids. J. Bacteriol. 189: 2249-2261 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Guisbert, E., Rhodius, V. A., Ahuja, N., Witkin, E., Gross, C. A. (2007). Hfq Modulates the {sigma}E-Mediated Envelope Stress Response and the {sigma}32-Mediated Cytoplasmic Stress Response in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 189: 1963-1973 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Mujacic, M., Baneyx, F. (2007). Chaperone Hsp31 Contributes to Acid Resistance in Stationary-Phase Escherichia coli. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73: 1014-1018 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Grainger, D. C., Aiba, H., Hurd, D., Browning, D. F., Busby, S. J. W. (2007). Transcription factor distribution in Escherichia coli: studies with FNR protein. Nucleic Acids Res 35: 269-278 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Asai, K., Ootsuji, T., Obata, K., Matsumoto, T., Fujita, Y., Sadaie, Y. (2007). Regulatory role of RsgI in sigI expression in Bacillus subtilis. Microbiology 153: 92-101 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Castanie-Cornet, M.-P., Treffandier, H., Francez-Charlot, A., Gutierrez, C., Cam, K. (2007). The glutamate-dependent acid resistance system in Escherichia coli: essential and dual role of the His-Asp phosphorelay RcsCDB/AF. Microbiology 153: 238-246 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kim, Y., Lew, C. M., Gralla, J. D. (2006). Escherichia coli pfs Transcription: Regulation and Proposed Roles in Autoinducer-2 Synthesis and Purine Excretion. J. Bacteriol. 188: 7457-7463 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lin, C.-T., Peng, H.-L. (2006). Regulation of the Homologous Two-Component Systems KvgAS and KvhAS in Klebsiella pneumoniae CG43. J Biochem 140: 639-648 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Weber, A., Kogl, S. A., Jung, K. (2006). Time-Dependent Proteome Alterations under Osmotic Stress during Aerobic and Anaerobic Growth in Escherichia coli.. J. Bacteriol. 188: 7165-7175 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tu, X., Latifi, T., Bougdour, A., Gottesman, S., Groisman, E. A. (2006). The PhoP/PhoQ two-component system stabilizes the alternative sigma factor RpoS in Salmonella enterica. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 13503-13508 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Clark, M. E., He, Q., He, Z., Huang, K. H., Alm, E. J., Wan, X.-F., Hazen, T. C., Arkin, A. P., Wall, J. D., Zhou, J.-Z., Fields, M. W. (2006). Temporal Transcriptomic Analysis as Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough Transitions into Stationary Phase during Electron Donor Depletion. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72: 5578-5588 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bhagwat, A. A., Tan, J., Sharma, M., Kothary, M., Low, S., Tall, B. D., Bhagwat, M. (2006). Functional Heterogeneity of RpoS in Stress Tolerance of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Strains.. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72: 4978-4986 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Jones, A. M., Goodwill, A., Elliott, T. (2006). Limited Role for the DsrA and RprA Regulatory RNAs in rpoS Regulation in Salmonella enterica.. J. Bacteriol. 188: 5077-5088 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Franchini, A. G., Egli, T. (2006). Global gene expression in Escherichia coli K-12 during short-term and long-term adaptation to glucose-limited continuous culture conditions. Microbiology 152: 2111-2127 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Nonaka, G., Blankschien, M., Herman, C., Gross, C. A., Rhodius, V. A. (2006). Regulon and promoter analysis of the E. coli heat-shock factor, {sigma}32, reveals a multifaceted cellular response to heat stress.. Genes Dev. 20: 1776-1789 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Zhao, M., Zhou, L., Kawarasaki, Y., Georgiou, G. (2006). Regulation of RraA, a Protein Inhibitor of RNase E-Mediated RNA Decay. J. Bacteriol. 188: 3257-3263 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Berney, M., Weilenmann, H.-U., Ihssen, J., Bassin, C., Egli, T. (2006). Specific Growth Rate Determines the Sensitivity of Escherichia coli to Thermal, UVA, and Solar Disinfection. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72: 2586-2593 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • King, T., Seeto, S., Ferenci, T. (2006). Genotype-by-Environment Interactions Influencing the Emergence of rpoS Mutations in Escherichia coli Populations. Genetics 172: 2071-2079 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Traxler, M. F., Chang, D.-E., Conway, T. (2006). Guanosine 3',5'-bispyrophosphate coordinates global gene expression during glucose-lactose diauxie in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 2374-2379 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Snider, J., Gutsche, I., Lin, M., Baby, S., Cox, B., Butland, G., Greenblatt, J., Emili, A., Houry, W. A. (2006). Formation of a Distinctive Complex between the Inducible Bacterial Lysine Decarboxylase and a Novel AAA+ ATPase. J. Biol. Chem. 281: 1532-1546 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tsatskis, Y., Khambati, J., Dobson, M., Bogdanov, M., Dowhan, W., Wood, J. M. (2005). The Osmotic Activation of Transporter ProP Is Tuned by Both Its C-terminal Coiled-coil and Osmotically Induced Changes in Phospholipid Composition. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 41387-41394 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Dippel, R., Bergmiller, T., Bohm, A., Boos, W. (2005). The Maltodextrin System of Escherichia coli: Glycogen-Derived Endogenous Induction and Osmoregulation. J. Bacteriol. 187: 8332-8339 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kazmierczak, M. J., Wiedmann, M., Boor, K. J. (2005). Alternative Sigma Factors and Their Roles in Bacterial Virulence. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 69: 527-543 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Mika, F., Hengge, R. (2005). A two-component phosphotransfer network involving ArcB, ArcA, and RssB coordinates synthesis and proteolysis of {sigma}S (RpoS) in E. coli. Genes Dev. 19: 2770-2781 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hirsch, M., Elliott, T. (2005). Stationary-Phase Regulation of RpoS Translation in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 187: 7204-7213 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»