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Journal of Bacteriology, April 2005, p. 2386-2394, Vol. 187, No. 7
0021-9193/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.187.7.2386-2394.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Characterization of the Acetate Binding Pocket in the Methanosarcina thermophila Acetate Kinase

Cheryl Ingram-Smith ,^, Andrea Gorrell,^, Sarah H. Lawrence, Prabha Iyer,^¶ Kerry Smith, and James G. Ferry^*

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania

Received 22 October 2004/ Accepted 8 December 2004

Acetate kinase catalyzes the reversible magnesium-dependent synthesis of acetyl phosphate by transfer of the ATP -phosphoryl group to acetate. Inspection of the crystal structure of the Methanosarcina thermophila enzyme containing only ADP revealed a solvent-accessible hydrophobic pocket formed by residues Val⁹³, Leu¹²², Phe¹⁷⁹, and Pro²³² in the active site cleft, which identified a potential acetate binding site. The hypothesis that this was a binding site was further supported by alignment of all acetate kinase sequences available from databases, which showed strict conservation of all four residues, and the recent crystal structure of the M. thermophila enzyme with acetate bound in this pocket. Replacement of each residue in the pocket produced variants with K_m values for acetate that were 7- to 26-fold greater than that of the wild type, and perturbations of this binding pocket also altered the specificity for longer-chain carboxylic acids and acetyl phosphate. The kinetic analyses of variants combined with structural modeling indicated that the pocket has roles in binding the methyl group of acetate, influencing substrate specificity, and orienting the carboxyl group. The kinetic analyses also indicated that binding of acetyl phosphate is more dependent on interactions of the phosphate group with an unidentified residue than on interactions between the methyl group and the hydrophobic pocket. The analyses also indicated that Phe¹⁷⁹ is essential for catalysis, possibly for domain closure. Alignments of acetate kinase, propionate kinase, and butyrate kinase sequences obtained from databases suggested that these enzymes have similar catalytic mechanisms and carboxylic acid substrate binding sites.

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* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802-4500. Phone: (814) 863-5721. Fax: (814) 863-6217. E-mail: jgf3{at}psu.edu.

C.I-S. and A.G. contributed equally to this work.

Present address: Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634-0324.

Present address: Department of Chemistry, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC V2N 4Z9, Canada.

^¶ Present address: Institute for Biological Energy Alternatives, Rockville, MD 20850-3343.

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Journal of Bacteriology, April 2005, p. 2386-2394, Vol. 187, No. 7
0021-9193/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.187.7.2386-2394.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.