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Journal of Bacteriology, May 2005, p. 3188-3200, Vol. 187, No. 9
0021-9193/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.187.9.3188-3200.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

The Genome of S-PM2, a "Photosynthetic" T4-Type Bacteriophage That Infects Marine Synechococcus Strains

Nicholas H. Mann,1* Martha R. J. Clokie,1 Andrew Millard,1 Annabel Cook,1 William H. Wilson,2 Peter J. Wheatley,3 Andrey Letarov,4 and H. M. Krisch4

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry,1 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester,3 Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, United Kindgom,2 Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Génétique Moléculaire, CNRS UMR-5100, Toulouse, France4

Received 13 October 2004/ Accepted 24 January 2005

Bacteriophage S-PM2 infects several strains of the abundant and ecologically important marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus. A large lytic phage with an isometric icosahedral head, S-PM2 has a contractile tail and by this criterion is classified as a myovirus (1). The linear, circularly permuted, 196,280-bp double-stranded DNA genome of S-PM2 contains 37.8% G+C residues. It encodes 239 open reading frames (ORFs) and 25 tRNAs. Of these ORFs, 19 appear to encode proteins associated with the cell envelope, including a putative S-layer-associated protein. Twenty additional S-PM2 ORFs have homologues in the genomes of their cyanobacterial hosts. There is a group I self-splicing intron within the gene encoding the D1 protein. A total of 40 ORFs, organized into discrete clusters, encode homologues of T4 proteins involved in virion morphogenesis, nucleotide metabolism, gene regulation, and DNA replication and repair. The S-PM2 genome encodes a few surprisingly large (e.g., 3,779 amino acids) ORFs of unknown function. Our analysis of the S-PM2 genome suggests that many of the unknown S-PM2 functions may be involved in the adaptation of the metabolism of the host cell to the requirements of phage infection. This hypothesis originates from the identification of multiple phage-mediated modifications of the host's photosynthetic apparatus that appear to be essential for maintaining energy production during the lytic cycle.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom. Phone: 00 44 24 7652 3526. Fax: 00 44 24 7652 3526. E-mail: N.H.Mann{at}warwick.ac.uk.

Journal of Bacteriology, May 2005, p. 3188-3200, Vol. 187, No. 9
0021-9193/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.187.9.3188-3200.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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