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Journal of Bacteriology, June 2006, p. 4024-4036, Vol. 188, No. 11
0021-9193/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.00052-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Structural and Functional Characterization of Three Polyketide Synthase Gene Clusters in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB 42

Xiao-Hua Chen,1 Joachim Vater,2 Jörn Piel,3 Peter Franke,4 Romy Scholz,1 Kathrin Schneider,5 Alexandra Koumoutsi,1 Gabriele Hitzeroth,2 Nicolas Grammel,2 Axel W. Strittmatter,6 Gerhard Gottschalk,6 Roderich D. Süssmuth,5 and Rainer Borriss1*

Institut für Biologie, AG Bakteriengenetik, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Berlin,1 Institut für Chemie, AG Biochemie und Molekulare Biologie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin,2 Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Universität Bonn, Bonn,3 Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin,4 Institut für Chemie/Biologische Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin,5 Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Laboratorium für Genomanalyse, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany6

Received 12 January 2006/ Accepted 28 February 2006

Although bacterial polyketides are of considerable biomedical interest, the molecular biology of polyketide biosynthesis in Bacillus spp., one of the richest bacterial sources of bioactive natural products, remains largely unexplored. Here we assign for the first time complete polyketide synthase (PKS) gene clusters to Bacillus antibiotics. Three giant modular PKS systems of the trans-acyltransferase type were identified in Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB 42. One of them, pks1, is an ortholog of the pksX operon with a previously unknown function in the sequenced model strain Bacillus subtilis 168, while the pks2 and pks3 clusters are novel gene clusters. Cassette mutagenesis combined with advanced mass spectrometric techniques such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry revealed that the pks1 (bae) and pks3 (dif) gene clusters encode the biosynthesis of the polyene antibiotics bacillaene and difficidin or oxydifficidin, respectively. In addition, B. subtilis OKB105 (pheA sfp0), a transformant of the B. subtilis 168 derivative JH642, was shown to produce bacillaene, demonstrating that the pksX gene cluster directs the synthesis of that polyketide.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Institut für Biologie, Humboldt Universität Berlin, Chausseestrasse 115, D-10115 Berlin, Germany. Phone: 49-30-2093-8137. Fax: 49-30-2093-8127. E-mail: rainer.borriss{at}rz.hu-berlin.de.

Journal of Bacteriology, June 2006, p. 4024-4036, Vol. 188, No. 11
0021-9193/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.00052-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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