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Journal of Bacteriology, September 2006, p. 6354-6360, Vol. 188, No. 17
0021-9193/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.00656-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Sensor Domains Encoded in Bacillus anthracis Virulence Plasmids Prevent Sporulation by Hijacking a Sporulation Sensor Histidine Kinase

Andrea K. White,1 James A. Hoch,1 Marcin Grynberg,2,{dagger} Adam Godzik,2 and Marta Perego1*

Division of Cellular Biology, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037,1 Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Research (IIDC), The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, California 920372

Received 8 May 2006/ Accepted 13 June 2006

Anthrax toxin and capsule, determinants for successful infection by Bacillus anthracis, are encoded on the virulence plasmids pXO1 and pXO2, respectively. Each of these plasmids also encodes proteins that are highly homologous to the signal sensor domain of a chromosomally encoded major sporulation sensor histidine kinase (BA2291) in this organism. B. anthracis Sterne overexpressing the plasmid pXO2-61-encoded signal sensor domain exhibited a significant decrease in sporulation that was suppressed by the deletion of the BA2291 gene. Expression of the sensor domains from the pXO1-118 and pXO2-61 genes in Bacillus subtilis strains carrying the B. anthracis sporulation sensor kinase BA2291 gene resulted in BA2291-dependent inhibition of sporulation. These results indicate that sporulation sensor kinase BA2291 is converted from an activator to an inhibitor of sporulation in its native host by the virulence plasmid-encoded signal sensor domains. We speculate that activation of these signal sensor domains contributes to the initiation of B. anthracis sporulation in the bloodstream of its infected host, a salient characteristic in the virulence of this organism, and provides an additional role for the virulence plasmids in anthrax pathogenesis.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Division of Cellular Biology, Mail Code MEM-116, Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037. Phone: (858) 784-7912. Fax: (858) 784-7966. E-mail: mperego{at}scripps.edu.

{dagger} Present address: Department of Genetics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, PAS 5A Pawinskiego St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.

Journal of Bacteriology, September 2006, p. 6354-6360, Vol. 188, No. 17
0021-9193/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.00656-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Scaramozzino, F., White, A., Perego, M., Hoch, J. A. (2009). A Unique GTP-Dependent Sporulation Sensor Histidine Kinase in Bacillus anthracis. J. Bacteriol. 191: 687-692 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tzeng, Y.-L. (2009). A Unique Sensor Histidine Kinase. J. Bacteriol. 191: 681-682 [Full Text]  
  • Bongiorni, C., Fukushima, T., Wilson, A. C., Chiang, C., Mansilla, M. C., Hoch, J. A., Perego, M. (2008). Dual Promoters Control Expression of the Bacillus anthracis Virulence Factor AtxA. J. Bacteriol. 190: 6483-6492 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • van Schaik, W., Prigent, J., Fouet, A. (2007). The stringent response of Bacillus anthracis contributes to sporulation but not to virulence. Microbiology 153: 4234-4239 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


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