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Journal of Bacteriology, October 2006, p. 6977-6985, Vol. 188, No. 19
0021-9193/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.00506-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Chromosome Rearrangement and Diversification of Francisella tularensis Revealed by the Type B (OSU18) Genome Sequence{dagger}

Joseph F. Petrosino,1,2* Qin Xiang,2 Sandor E. Karpathy,2 Huaiyang Jiang,2 Shailaja Yerrapragada,2 Yamei Liu,3 Jason Gioia,1 Lisa Hemphill,2 Arely Gonzalez,4 T. M. Raghavan,3 Akif Uzman,4 George E. Fox,3 Sarah Highlander,1,2 Mason Reichard,5 Rebecca J. Morton,5 Kenneth D. Clinkenbeard,5 and George M. Weinstock1,2

Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology,1 Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030,2 Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204,3 Department of Natural Sciences, University of Houston-Downtown, Houston, Texas 77002,4 Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 740785

Received 9 April 2006/ Accepted 17 July 2006

The {gamma}-proteobacterium Francisella tularensis is one of the most infectious human pathogens, and the highly virulent organism F. tularensis subsp. tularensis (type A) and less virulent organism F. tularensis subsp. holarctica (type B) are most commonly associated with significant disease in humans and animals. Here we report the complete genome sequence and annotation for a low-passage type B strain (OSU18) isolated from a dead beaver found near Red Rock, Okla., in 1978. A comparison of the F. tularensis subsp. holarctica sequence with that of F. tularensis subsp. tularensis strain Schu4 (P. Larsson et al., Nat. Genet. 37:153-159, 2005) highlighted genetic differences that may underlie different pathogenicity phenotypes and the evolutionary relationship between type A and type B strains. Despite extensive DNA sequence identity, the most significant difference between type A and type B isolates is the striking amount of genomic rearrangement that exists between the strains. All but two rearrangements can be attributed to homologous recombination occurring between two prominent insertion elements, ISFtu1 and ISFtu2. Numerous pseudogenes have been found in the genomes and are likely contributors to the difference in virulence between the strains. In contrast, no rearrangements have been observed between the OSU18 genome and the genome of the type B live vaccine strain (LVS), and only 448 polymorphisms have been found within non-transposase-coding sequences whose homologs are intact in OSU18. Nonconservative differences between the two strains likely include the LVS attenuating mutation(s).

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, BCM280, Houston, TX 77030. Phone: (713)798-7912. Fax: (713)798-7375. E-mail: jpetrosi{at}bcm.edu.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://jb.asm.org/.

Journal of Bacteriology, October 2006, p. 6977-6985, Vol. 188, No. 19
0021-9193/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.00506-06
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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