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Crl Facilitates RNA Polymerase Holoenzyme Formation

Tamas Gaal,¹ Mark J. Mandel,^2, Thomas J. Silhavy,² and Richard L. Gourse^1*

Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706,¹ Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544²

Received 10 August 2006/ Accepted 1 September 2006

The Escherichia coli Crl protein has been described as a transcriptional coactivator for the stationary-phase sigma factor ^S. In a transcription system with highly purified components, we demonstrate that Crl affects transcription not only by the E^S RNA polymerase holoenzyme but also by E⁷⁰ and E³². Crl increased transcription dramatically but only when the concentration was low and when Crl was added to prior to assembly with the core enzyme. Our results suggest that Crl facilitates holoenzyme formation, the first positive regulator identified with this mechanism of action.

Published ahead of print on 15 September 2006.

Present address: Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wis.

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