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Journal of Bacteriology, March 2006, p. 1808-1816, Vol. 188, No. 5
0021-9193/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.188.5.1808-1816.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Epistasis Analysis of Four Genes from Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120 Suggests a Connection between PatA and PatS in Heterocyst Pattern Formation

Christine C. Orozco ,{dagger},{ddagger} Douglas D. Risser,{ddagger} and Sean M. Callahan*

Department of Microbiology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822

Received 20 October 2005/ Accepted 15 December 2005

The hetR, patA, hetN, and patS genes are part of a regulatory network that regulates the differentiation and patterning of heterocysts in the filamentous cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. In this report, the epistatic interactions of mutant alleles of these four genes have been used to refine our understanding of their relationships to one another. The hetR gene was necessary for differentiation in genetic backgrounds that normally give rise to excessive differentiation, supporting its role as the master regulator of differentiation and indicating that HetR directly regulates factors in addition to hetR and patS genes that regulate differentiation. A functional patS gene was necessary for the delayed multiple-contiguous-heterocyst phenotype observed in hetN mutants as well as for the relative lack of intercalary heterocysts in patA mutants. Epistasis results with mutant alleles of these three genes suggested that PatA attenuates the negative effects of both PatS and HetN on differentiation and promotes differentiation independent of its antagonistic effects on PatS and HetN activity. Cooverxpression of patS and hetR in a synthetic operon indicated that patS acts at a point downstream of hetR transcription in the regulatory network controlling differentiation. A model for the regulation of differentiation that is consistent with these and previous findings is presented.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: University of Hawaii, Department of Microbiology, 2538 McCarthy Mall, 207 Snyder Hall, Honolulu, HI 96822. Phone: (808) 956-8015. Fax: (808) 956-5339. E-mail: scallaha{at}hawaii.edu.

{dagger} Present address: Laboratory of Cellular Carcinogenesis and Tumor Promotion, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892.

{ddagger} C.C.O. and D.D.R. made equal contributions to this work.

Journal of Bacteriology, March 2006, p. 1808-1816, Vol. 188, No. 5
0021-9193/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.188.5.1808-1816.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Risser, D. D., Callahan, S. M. (2008). HetF and PatA Control Levels of HetR in Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120. J. Bacteriol. 190: 7645-7654 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Risser, D. D., Callahan, S. M. (2007). Mutagenesis of hetR Reveals Amino Acids Necessary for HetR Function in the Heterocystous Cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120. J. Bacteriol. 189: 2460-2467 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Nayar, A. S., Yamaura, H., Rajagopalan, R., Risser, D. D., Callahan, S. M. (2007). FraG is necessary for filament integrity and heterocyst maturation in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. Microbiology 153: 601-607 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lechno-Yossef, S., Fan, Q., Ehira, S., Sato, N., Wolk, C. P. (2006). Mutations in Four Regulatory Genes Have Interrelated Effects on Heterocyst Maturation in Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120. J. Bacteriol. 188: 7387-7395 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Shi, Y., Zhao, W., Zhang, W., Ye, Z., Zhao, J. (2006). Regulation of intracellular free calcium concentration during heterocyst differentiation by HetR and NtcA in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: 11334-11339 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


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