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Journal of Bacteriology, March 2006, p. 2073-2080, Vol. 188, No. 6
0021-9193/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.188.6.2073-2080.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

A Complete Lipopolysaccharide Inner Core Oligosaccharide Is Required for Resistance of Burkholderia cenocepacia to Antimicrobial Peptides and Bacterial Survival In Vivo

Slade A. Loutet,1 Ronald S. Flannagan,1 Cora Kooi,3 Pamela A. Sokol,3 and Miguel A. Valvano1,2*

Infectious Diseases Research Group, Department of Microbiology and Immunology,1 Medicine, Siebens-Drake Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada,2 Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada3

Received 28 September 2005/ Accepted 21 December 2005

Burkholderia cenocepacia is an important opportunistic pathogen of patients with cystic fibrosis. This bacterium is inherently resistant to a wide range of antimicrobial agents, including high concentrations of antimicrobial peptides. We hypothesized that the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of B. cenocepacia is important for both virulence and resistance to antimicrobial peptides. We identified hldA and hldD genes in B. cenocepacia strain K56-2. These two genes encode enzymes involved in the modification of heptose sugars prior to their incorporation into the LPS core oligosaccharide. We constructed a mutant, SAL1, which was defective in expression of both hldA and hldD, and by performing complementation studies we confirmed that the functions encoded by both of these B. cenocepacia genes were needed for synthesis of a complete LPS core oligosaccharide. The LPS produced by SAL1 consisted of a short lipid A-core oligosaccharide and was devoid of O antigen. SAL1 was sensitive to the antimicrobial peptides polymyxin B, melittin, and human neutrophil peptide 1. In contrast, another B. cenocepacia mutant strain that produced complete lipid A-core oligosaccharide but lacked polymeric O antigen was not sensitive to polymyxin B or melittin. As determined by the rat agar bead model of lung infection, the SAL1 mutant had a survival defect in vivo since it could not be recovered from the lungs of infected rats 14 days postinfection. Together, these data show that the B. cenocepacia LPS inner core oligosaccharide is needed for in vitro resistance to three structurally unrelated antimicrobial peptides and for in vivo survival in a rat model of chronic lung infection.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dental Sciences Building, Rm 3014, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1. Phone: (519) 661-3427. Fax: (519) 661-3499. E-mail: mvalvano{at}uwo.ca.

Journal of Bacteriology, March 2006, p. 2073-2080, Vol. 188, No. 6
0021-9193/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.188.6.2073-2080.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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