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Cyclo(Phe-Pro) Modulates the Expression of ompU in Vibrio spp.

Departments of Life Science,¹ Chemistry,² Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Sinsoo-Dong 1, Mapo-Gu, Seoul 121-742, South Korea,³ Department of Environmental Science, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Yongin 449-791, South Korea,⁴ Department of Applied Statistics, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, South Korea,⁵ School of Agricultural Biotechnology, and Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea⁶

Received 24 September 2005/ Accepted 7 November 2005

Vibrio vulnificus was found to produce a chemical that induced the expression of Vibrio fischeri lux genes. Electron spray ionization-mass spectrometry and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance analyses indicated that the compound was cyclo(L-Phe-L-Pro) (cFP). The compound was produced at a maximal level when cell cultures reached the onset of stationary phase. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel analysis of the total proteins of V. vulnificus indicated that expression of OmpU was enhanced by exogenously added synthetic or purified cFP. A toxR-null mutant failed to express ompU despite the addition of cFP. The related Vibrio spp. V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. harveyi also produced cFP, which induced the expression of their own ompU genes. cFP also enhanced the expression in V. cholerae of the ctx genes, which are known to be regulated by ToxR. Our results suggest that cFP is a signal molecule controlling the expression of genes important for the pathogenicity of Vibrio spp.

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