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Journal of Bacteriology, May 2006, p. 3382-3390, Vol. 188, No. 9
0021-9193/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.188.9.3382-3390.2006

Pathogenomic Sequence Analysis of Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis Isolates Closely Related to Bacillus anthracis{dagger}

Cliff S. Han,1,3,{ddagger} Gary Xie,1,3,{ddagger} Jean F. Challacombe,1,3,{ddagger}* Michael R. Altherr,3 Smriti S. Bhotika,1,3,§ David Bruce,1,3 Connie S. Campbell,1,3 Mary L. Campbell,1,3 Jin Chen,1,3,|| Olga Chertkov,1,3 Cathy Cleland,6 Mira Dimitrijevic,1,3 Norman A. Doggett,3 John J. Fawcett,1,3 Tijana Glavina,2,4 Lynne A. Goodwin,1,3 Karen K. Hill,3 Penny Hitchcock,6,¶ Paul J. Jackson,3,5 Paul Keim,7 Avinash Ramesh Kewalramani,1,3 Jon Longmire,3 Susan Lucas,2,5 Stephanie Malfatti,2,5 Kim McMurry,1,3 Linda J. Meincke,1,3 Monica Misra,1,3 Bernice L. Moseman,1,3 Mark Mundt,8 A. Christine Munk,1,3 Richard T. Okinaka,3 B. Parson-Quintana,1,3 Lee Philip Reilly,1,3 Paul Richardson,2,4 Donna L. Robinson,1,3 Eddy Rubin,2,4 Elizabeth Saunders,1,3 Roxanne Tapia,1,3 Judith G. Tesmer,1,3 Nina Thayer,1,3 Linda S. Thompson,1,3 Hope Tice,2,4 Lawrence O. Ticknor,6 Patti L. Wills,1,3 Thomas S. Brettin,1,3 and Paul Gilna1,3

DOE Joint Genome Institute Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,1 DOE Joint Genome Institute Production Genome Facility, Walnut Creek, California 94598,2 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,3 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,4 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550,5 Los Alamos National Laboratory Decision Applications Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545,6 Northern Arizona University Department of Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011-5640,7 Los Alamos National Laboratory, ESA Division, Los Alamos, New Mexico 875458

Received 22 November 2005/ Accepted 13 February 2006

Bacillus anthracis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus thuringiensis are closely related gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria of the B. cereus sensu lato group. While independently derived strains of B. anthracis reveal conspicuous sequence homogeneity, environmental isolates of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis exhibit extensive genetic diversity. Here we report the sequencing and comparative analysis of the genomes of two members of the B. cereus group, B. thuringiensis 97-27 subsp. konkukian serotype H34, isolated from a necrotic human wound, and B. cereus E33L, which was isolated from a swab of a zebra carcass in Namibia. These two strains, when analyzed by amplified fragment length polymorphism within a collection of over 300 of B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, and B. anthracis isolates, appear closely related to B. anthracis. The B. cereus E33L isolate appears to be the nearest relative to B. anthracis identified thus far. Whole-genome sequencing of B. thuringiensis 97-27and B. cereus E33L was undertaken to identify shared and unique genes among these isolates in comparison to the genomes of pathogenic strains B. anthracis Ames and B. cereus G9241 and nonpathogenic strains B. cereus ATCC 10987 and B. cereus ATCC 14579. Comparison of these genomes revealed differences in terms of virulence, metabolic competence, structural components, and regulatory mechanisms.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Bioscience Division, MS M888, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545. Phone: (505) 665-1485. Fax: (505) 665-3024. E-mail: jchalla{at}lanl.gov.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://jb.asm.org/.

{ddagger} C.S.H., G.X., and J.F.C. contributed equally to this study.

§ Present address: University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.

|| Present address: National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Md.

Present address: The Center for Biosecurity of UPMC, Baltimore, MD 21202.

Journal of Bacteriology, May 2006, p. 3382-3390, Vol. 188, No. 9
0021-9193/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.188.9.3382-3390.2006




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