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Journal of Bacteriology, June 2007, p. 4020-4027, Vol. 189, No. 11
0021-9193/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.00045-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Genome of Methylobacillus flagellatus, Molecular Basis for Obligate Methylotrophy, and Polyphyletic Origin of Methylotrophy{triangledown} ,{dagger}

Ludmila Chistoserdova,1* Alla Lapidus,2 Cliff Han,3 Lynne Goodwin,3 Liz Saunders,3 Tom Brettin,3 Roxanne Tapia,3 Paul Gilna,3 Susan Lucas,2 Paul M. Richardson,2 and Mary E. Lidstrom1

University of Washington, Seattle, Washington,1 Joint Genome Institute, Production Genomics Facility, Walnut Creek, California,2 Joint Genome Institute, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico3

Received 9 January 2007/ Accepted 25 March 2007

Along with methane, methanol and methylated amines represent important biogenic atmospheric constituents; thus, not only methanotrophs but also nonmethanotrophic methylotrophs play a significant role in global carbon cycling. The complete genome of a model obligate methanol and methylamine utilizer, Methylobacillus flagellatus (strain KT) was sequenced. The genome is represented by a single circular chromosome of approximately 3 Mbp, potentially encoding a total of 2,766 proteins. Based on genome analysis as well as the results from previous genetic and mutational analyses, methylotrophy is enabled by methanol and methylamine dehydrogenases and their specific electron transport chain components, the tetrahydromethanopterin-linked formaldehyde oxidation pathway and the assimilatory and dissimilatory ribulose monophosphate cycles, and by a formate dehydrogenase. Some of the methylotrophy genes are present in more than one (identical or nonidentical) copy. The obligate dependence on single-carbon compounds appears to be due to the incomplete tricarboxylic acid cycle, as no genes potentially encoding alpha-ketoglutarate, malate, or succinate dehydrogenases are identifiable. The genome of M. flagellatus was compared in terms of methylotrophy functions to the previously sequenced genomes of three methylotrophs, Methylobacterium extorquens (an alphaproteobacterium, 7 Mbp), Methylibium petroleiphilum (a betaproteobacterium, 4 Mbp), and Methylococcus capsulatus (a gammaproteobacterium, 3.3 Mbp). Strikingly, metabolically and/or phylogenetically, the methylotrophy functions in M. flagellatus were more similar to those in M. capsulatus and M. extorquens than to the ones in the more closely related M. petroleiphilum species, providing the first genomic evidence for the polyphyletic origin of methylotrophy in Betaproteobacteria.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: 616 NE Northlake Place, Room 454, Seattle, WA 98105. Phone: (206) 616-1913. Fax: (206) 616-5721. E-mail: milachis{at}u.washington.edu

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 6 April 2007.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://jb.asm.org/.

Journal of Bacteriology, June 2007, p. 4020-4027, Vol. 189, No. 11
0021-9193/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.00045-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Bosch, G., Wang, T., Latypova, E., Kalyuzhnaya, M. G., Hackett, M., Chistoserdova, L. (2009). Insights into the physiology of Methylotenera mobilis as revealed by metagenome-based shotgun proteomic analysis. Microbiology 155: 1103-1110 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kalyuzhnaya, M. G., Hristova, K. R., Lidstrom, M. E., Chistoserdova, L. (2008). Characterization of a Novel Methanol Dehydrogenase in Representatives of Burkholderiales: Implications for Environmental Detection of Methylotrophy and Evidence for Convergent Evolution. J. Bacteriol. 190: 3817-3823 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


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