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Journal of Bacteriology, August 2007, p. 5421-5428, Vol. 189, No. 15
0021-9193/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.00531-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

AtlA Functions as a Peptidoglycan Lytic Transglycosylase in the Neisseria gonorrhoeae Type IV Secretion System{triangledown}

Petra L. Kohler, Holly L. Hamilton, Karen Cloud-Hansen, and Joseph P. Dillard*

Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin—Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin

Received 6 April 2007/ Accepted 15 May 2007

Type IV secretion systems require peptidoglycan lytic transglycosylases for efficient secretion, but the function of these enzymes is not clear. The type IV secretion system gene cluster of Neisseria gonorrhoeae encodes two peptidoglycan transglycosylase homologues. One, LtgX, is similar to peptidoglycan transglycosylases from other type IV secretion systems. The other, AtlA, is similar to endolysins from bacteriophages and is not similar to any described type IV secretion component. We characterized the enzymatic function of AtlA in order to examine its role in the type IV secretion system. Purified AtlA was found to degrade macromolecular peptidoglycan and to produce 1,6-anhydro peptidoglycan monomers, characteristic of lytic transglycosylase activity. We found that AtlA can functionally replace the lambda endolysin to lyse Escherichia coli. In contrast, a sensitive measure of lysis demonstrated that AtlA does not lyse gonococci expressing it or gonococci cocultured with an AtlA-expressing strain. The gonococcal type IV secretion system secretes DNA during growth. A deletion of ltgX or a substitution in the putative active site of AtlA severely decreased DNA secretion. These results indicate that AtlA and LtgX are actively involved in type IV secretion and that AtlA is not involved in lysis of gonococci to release DNA. This is the first demonstration that a type IV secretion peptidoglycanase has lytic transglycosylase activity. These data show that AtlA plays a role in type IV secretion of DNA that requires peptidoglycan breakdown without cell lysis.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: 1300 University Ave., 471A Medical Sciences Bldg., Madison, WI 53706. Phone: (608) 265-2837. Fax: (608) 262-8418. E-mail: jpdillard{at}wisc.edu

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 25 May 2007.

Journal of Bacteriology, August 2007, p. 5421-5428, Vol. 189, No. 15
0021-9193/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.00531-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Cloud-Hansen, K. A., Hackett, K. T., Garcia, D. L., Dillard, J. P. (2008). Neisseria gonorrhoeae Uses Two Lytic Transglycosylases To Produce Cytotoxic Peptidoglycan Monomers. J. Bacteriol. 190: 5989-5994 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Garcia, D. L., Dillard, J. P. (2008). Mutations in ampG or ampD Affect Peptidoglycan Fragment Release from Neisseria gonorrhoeae. J. Bacteriol. 190: 3799-3807 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


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