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Journal of Bacteriology, January 2007, p. 388-402, Vol. 189, No. 2
0021-9193/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.00981-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Regulation of Rugosity and Biofilm Formation in Vibrio cholerae: Comparison of VpsT and VpsR Regulons and Epistasis Analysis of vpsT, vpsR, and hapR{triangledown} ,{dagger}

Sinem Beyhan,{ddagger} Kivanc Bilecen,{ddagger} Sofie R. Salama,{ddagger},§ Catharina Casper-Lindley, and Fitnat H. Yildiz*

Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064

Received 5 July 2006/ Accepted 16 October 2006

Vibrio cholerae undergoes phenotypic variation that generates two morphologically different variants, termed smooth and rugose. The transcriptional profiles of the two variants differ greatly, and many of the differentially regulated genes are controlled by a complex regulatory circuitry that includes the transcriptional regulators VpsR, VpsT, and HapR. In this study, we identified the VpsT regulon and compared the VpsT and VpsR regulons to elucidate the contribution of each positive regulator to the rugose variant transcriptional profile and associated phenotypes. We have found that although the VpsT and VpsR regulons are very similar, the magnitude of the gene regulation accomplished by each regulator is different. We also determined that cdgA, which encodes a GGDEF domain protein, is partially responsible for the altered vps gene expression between the vpsT and vpsR mutants. Analysis of epistatic relationships among hapR, vpsT, and vpsR with respect to a whole-genome expression profile, colony morphology, and biofilm formation revealed that vpsR is epistatic to hapR and vpsT. Expression of virulence genes was increased in a vpsR hapR double mutant relative to a hapR mutant, suggesting that VpsR negatively regulates virulence gene expression in the hapR mutant. These results show that a complex regulatory interplay among VpsT, VpsR, HapR, and GGDEF/EAL family proteins controls transcription of the genes required for Vibrio polysaccharide and virulence factor production in V. cholerae.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064. Phone: (831) 459-1588. Fax: (831) 459-3524. E-mail: yildiz{at}etox.ucsc.edu.

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 27 October 2006.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://jb.asm.org/.

{ddagger} S.B., K.B., and S.R.S. contributed equally to this work.

§ Present address: Center for Bimolecular Science and Engineering and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064.

Present address: Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064.

Journal of Bacteriology, January 2007, p. 388-402, Vol. 189, No. 2
0021-9193/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.00981-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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