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Journal of Bacteriology, February 2007, p. 1482-1487, Vol. 189, No. 4
0021-9193/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.01111-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Abortive Infection Mechanisms and Prophage Sequences Significantly Influence the Genetic Makeup of Emerging Lytic Lactococcal Phages{triangledown}

Simon J. Labrie and Sylvain Moineau*

Département de biochimie et de microbiologie, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Groupe de recherche en écologie buccale, Faculté de médecine dentaire, Félix d'Hérelle Reference Center for Bacterial Viruses, Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1K 7P4

Received 25 July 2006/ Accepted 2 October 2006

In this study, we demonstrated the remarkable genome plasticity of lytic lactococcal phages that allows them to rapidly adapt to the dynamic dairy environment. The lytic double-stranded DNA phage ul36 was used to sequentially infect a wild-type strain of Lactococcus lactis and two isogenic derivatives with genes encoding two phage resistance mechanisms, AbiK and AbiT. Four phage mutants resistant to one or both Abi mechanisms were isolated. Comparative analysis of their complete genomes, as well as morphological observations, revealed that phage ul36 extensively evolved by large-scale homologous and nonhomologous recombination events with the inducible prophage present in the host strain. One phage mutant exchanged as much as 79% of its genome compared to the core genome of ul36. Thus, natural phage defense mechanisms and prophage elements found in bacterial chromosomes contribute significantly to the evolution of the lytic phage population.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Groupe de recherche en écologie buccale, Faculté de médecine dentaire, Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1K 7P4. Phone: (418) 656-3712. Fax: (418) 656-2861. E-mail: Sylvain.Moineau{at}bcm.ulaval.ca.

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 13 October 2006.

Journal of Bacteriology, February 2007, p. 1482-1487, Vol. 189, No. 4
0021-9193/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.01111-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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