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Analysis of Temporal Gene Expression during Bacillus subtilis Spore Germination and Outgrowth ^,

Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,¹ Microarray Department, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,² Unilever Food and Health Research Institute, Advanced Food Microbiology, Vlaardingen, The Netherlands,³ TNO Quality of Life, Food and Biotechnology Innovations—Microbiology, Zeist, The Netherlands⁴

Received 11 November 2006/ Accepted 14 February 2007

Bacillus subtilis forms dormant spores upon nutrient depletion. Under favorable environmental conditions, the spore breaks its dormancy and resumes growth in a process called spore germination and outgrowth. To elucidate the physiological processes that occur during the transition of the dormant spore to an actively growing vegetative cell, we studied this process in a time-dependent manner by a combination of microscopy, analysis of extracellular metabolites, and a genome-wide analysis of transcription. The results indicate the presence of abundant levels of late sporulation transcripts in dormant spores. In addition, the results suggest the existence of a complex and well-regulated spore outgrowth program, involving the temporal expression of at least 30% of the B. subtilis genome.

Published ahead of print on 23 February 2007.

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