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Journal of Bacteriology, October 2008, p. 6351-6364, Vol. 190, No. 19
0021-9193/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.00505-08
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

A Defect in Menadione Biosynthesis Induces Global Changes in Gene Expression in Staphylococcus aureus ^,

Christian Kohler,¹ Christof von Eiff,² Manuel Liebeke,³ Peter J. McNamara,⁴ Michael Lalk,³ Richard A. Proctor,^4,5 Michael Hecker,¹ and Susanne Engelmann^1*

Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany,¹ Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany,² Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany,³ Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin,⁴ Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin⁵

Received 14 April 2008/ Accepted 10 July 2008

Both the high-resolution two-dimensional protein gel electrophoresis technique and full-genome DNA microarrays were used for identification of Staphylococcus aureus genes whose expression was changed by a mutation in menD. Because the electron transport chain is interrupted, the mutant should be unable to use oxygen and nitrate as terminal electron acceptors. Consistent with this, a mutation in menD was found to cause a gene expression pattern typically detected under anaerobic conditions in wild-type cells: proteins involved in glycolytic as well as in fermentation pathways were upregulated, whereas tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes were significantly downregulated. Moreover, the expression of genes encoding enzymes for nitrate respiration and the arginine deiminase pathway was strongly increased in the mutant strain. These results indicate that the menD mutant, just as the site-directed S. aureus hemB mutant, generates ATP from glucose or fructose mainly by substrate phosphorylation and might be defective in utilizing a variety of carbon sources, including TCA cycle intermediates and compounds that generate ATP only via electron transport phosphorylation. Of particular interest is that there are also differences in the gene expression patterns between hemB and menD mutants. While some anaerobically active enzymes were present in equal amounts in both strains (Ldh1, SACOL2535), other classically anaerobic enzymes seem to be present in higher amounts either in the hemB mutant (e.g., PflB, Ald1, IlvA1) or in the menD mutant (arc operon). Only genes involved in nitrate respiration and the ald1 operon seem to be additionally regulated by a depletion of oxygen in the hemB and/or menD mutant.

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* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Institut für Mikrobiologie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität, F.-L.-Jahn-Str. 15, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany. Phone: 49-3834-864227. Fax: 49-3834-864202. E-mail: Susanne.Engelmann{at}uni-greifswald.de

Published ahead of print on 1 August 2008.

Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://jb.asm.org/.

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Journal of Bacteriology, October 2008, p. 6351-6364, Vol. 190, No. 19
0021-9193/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.00505-08
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.