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Journal of Bacteriology, March 2001, p. 1796-1800, Vol. 183, No. 5
0021-9193/01/$04.00+0 DOI: 10.1128/JB.183.5.1796-1800.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
The miaA Mutator Phenotype of
Escherichia coli K-12 Requires Recombination
Functions
Jingyong
Zhao,
Hon-Chiu
Eastwood
Leung, and
Malcolm E.
Winkler*
Department of Microbiology and Molecular
Genetics, University of Texas
Houston Medical School, Houston,
Texas 77030
Received 3 October 2000/Accepted 4 December 2000
 |
ABSTRACT |
miaA mutants, which contain A-37 instead of the
ms2i6A-37 hypermodification in their tRNA, show
a moderate mutator phenotype leading to increased GC
TA transversion.
We show that the miaA mutator phenotype is dependent on
recombination functions similar to, but not exactly the same as, those
required for translation stress-induced mutagenesis.
| |
TEXT |
The miaA gene encodes a
tRNA prenyltransferase that catalyzes the addition of a
2-isopentenyl group from dimethylallyl diphosphate to
the N6-nitrogen of adenosine adjacent to the
anticodon at position 37 of 10 of 46 Escherichia coli tRNA
species that read codons starting with U residues (i6A-37
in Fig. 1) (3, 5, 19, 26,
35). In E. coli, the i6A-37 tRNA
modification is further methylthiolated by the action of the
miaB gene product, which is dependent on iron, and possibly another enzyme activity (MiaC) to form
ms2i6A-37 (Fig. 1), except in
tRNASec (11, 12). Methylthiolation is
dependent on prior formation of i6A-37 by the MiaA tRNA
prenyltransferase (3), and miaA mutants contain
fully unmodified A-37 residues in their tRNA.
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FIG. 1.
Formation of the ms2i6A-37
modification in E. coli tRNA by the MiaA and MiaBC enzyme
activities. See the text for details. Ubi, ubiquinone; IPP, isopentenyl
diphosphate; DMAPP, dimethylallyl diphosphate; Met, methionine; Cys,
cysteine; SAM, S-adenosylmethionine; SAH,
S-adenosylhomocysteine.
|
|
The presence of A-37 instead of the ms2i6A-37
tRNA modification in miaA mutants of E. coli and
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium results in multiple
defects in translation efficiency, codon context sensitivity, and
fidelity (8, 20). These translation defects impart broadly
pleiotropic phenotypes to miaA mutants, including decreased
growth rate and yield (10), altered sensitivity to amino
acid analogs (10), increased oxidation of certain amino acids and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates (32),
altered utilization of primary carbon sources (32), and
suppression of Tet(M) protein-induced tetracycline resistance
(4). In contrast, the presence of i6A-37
instead of ms2i6A-37 in miaB mutants
leads to milder defects in translation than those of miaA
mutants (8, 11).
We demonstrated previously that miaA mutants exhibit a
moderate mutator phenotype that results in GCTA transversion
mutations (5, 6). The genetic basis for this
miaA mutator phenotype has not been determined, nor has it
been determined whether miaB mutants show a mutator
phenotype. However, it was shown that the miaA mutator
phenotype was not due to polarity on the expression of the downstream
hfq gene, which encodes a pleiotropic regulator, or
hflA-region genes, which encode a protease
(32). Recently, Humayun and coworkers described a new
pathway of mutagenesis that results in increased transversion mutations
in response to translation stress (1, 17, 28, 29). This
translation stress-induced mutagenesis (TSM) pathway is induced in
mutA mutants, which contain an anticodon mutation in the
glyV tRNA gene that causes insertion of glycine instead of
aspartic acid in proteins, such as the proofreading subunit of DNA
polymerase (30, 31). Unexpectedly, the TSM pathway was
recently shown to depend on recombination functions (1, 28,
29). In reviewing inducible mutagenic pathways in E. coli, Humayun hypothesized that the miaA mutator
phenotype may be a manifestation of the TSM pathway (17).
In this report, we show that the miaA mutator phenotype is
dependent on recombination functions similar to, but not exactly the
same as, those required for the TSM pathway. We also demonstrate a
correlation between the GCTA mutator phenotype and the severity of
defects in translation in different tRNA modification-deficient mutants.
miaA mutator phenotype depends on recombination
functions.
Previously, we detected the miaA mutator
phenotype in the Cupples-Miller mutation tester strain CC104, which can
revert to lacZ+ only by a specific GCTA
transversion, but not in the five other tester strains for the
remaining transversion and transition mutations (6). To
determine the genetic requirements of the miaA mutator phenotype, we constructed strains in which the miaA tRNA
modification mutation was combined with mutations defective in
recombination, the SOS response, or some pathways of DNA repair (Table
1).
Mutation frequencies were determined essentially as described by
Cupples and Miller (see Fig.
2) (
7). Briefly, strains
were
grown overnight to saturation at 37°C with shaking in 5 ml
of
Luria-Bertani broth (10 g of NaCl per liter) supplemented with
30 mg of
L-cysteine per liter. Bacterial cells were washed twice
by
collection by low-spread centrifugation (
4,000 ×
g)
and resuspension
in 5 ml of minimal (E) salts (
9) lacking
a carbon source. Bacterial
pellets were resuspended in 0.5 ml of
minimal (E) salts. Resuspended
cells (0.1 ml) were spread onto plates
containing minimal (E)
salts, 0.4% (wt/vol) lactose, 0.01 M
FeSO
4, and 1.5% (wt/vol)
Bacto agar or serially diluted in
minimal (E) salts and spread
onto plates containing 0.4% (wt/vol)
glucose instead of lactose.
Plates containing lactose or glucose were
incubated at 37°C for
3 days or 1 day before colonies were counted to
determine the
number of
lacZ+ revertants or
viable F' episome-containing bacteria, respectively.
Reconstitution
experiments in which fixed numbers of
lacZ+
revertants of CC104
miaA+ and CC104
miaA were purposefully added to cultures before plating
indicated that CC104
miaA+
lacZ+ colonies began to appear after 1 day and
reached a maximum number
that remained constant on days 2 and 3 (data
not shown). In contrast,
CC104
miaA lacZ+
colonies did not appear until after 2 days and reached a maximum
number
by 3 days (data not shown); therefore, mutation frequencies
were
determined after 3 days of incubation at 37°C.
We could not detect the
miaA mutator phenotype in CC104
miaA containing mutations in
recA, recB, or
recD, which are defective
in homologous recombination
functions (
1,
17,
29) or in
CC105 (AT
TA tester) as
reported previously (
6) (Fig.
2). These
patterns were confirmed in
qualitative experiments in which blue
lacZ+
papillae were observed in lawns of bacteria on plates containing
minimal medium and
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-
-
D-galactopyranoside
(X-Gal)
(data not shown). In these experiments, we used the
recA430 allele, which is partially defective in homologous recombination
and
SOS induction (
18), because strains containing this
mutation
grow faster than
recA null mutants. Still, this
leaky
recA allele
prevented the
miaA mutator
phenotype. The
recB or
recD transposon
insertion
mutations abolish homologous recombination (
18) or
result
in hyper-recombination in some cases (
18) and increased
F'
episome replication (
15), respectively. In contrast to
recA, recB, and
recD mutants, the
miaA
mutator phenotype was still observed
to varying extents in CC104
miaA (GC
TA tester) containing
lexA(Ind
),
polB, uvrA, umuDC, and
mutY mutations, which confer defects
in SOS induction, DNA
polymerase II, nucleotide excision repair,
SOS mutagenesis, and GO
repair, respectively (Fig.
2) (
1,
13,
17,
24,
29,
37).
Although the
miaA mutator phenotype was
evident, its extent
was somewhat reduced in the
lexA(Ind
)
(2.3-fold) and
mutY (1.8-fold) mutants compared to that of
the
CC104
miaA+ and CC104
miaA pair
(3.7-fold) (Fig.
2).
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FIG. 2.
Mutation frequencies of Cupples-Miller tester strains
CC104 and CC105, which can revert to lacZ+ only
by GCTA and ATTA transversions, respectively (7),
containing a miaA mutation combined with mutations defective
in recombination, the SOS pathway, or DNA repair. Mutation frequencies
were determined as described in the text. Experiments were performed
independently at least three times, and standard errors of the means
are shown.
|
|
The absence of the
miaA mutator phenotype in both
recA and
recB mutants is consistent with the
interpretation that this phenomenon
depends on recombination functions,
similar to TSM (
1,
17,
28,
29). Likewise, the
miaA mutator phenotype and TSM were
not dependent on
polB and
umuDC functions (Fig.
2) (
1,
27).
However, there are noteworthy differences between the
miaA mutator
phenotype and TSM. Only GC
TA
transversion was increased in
miaA mutants, whereas the
mutA mutator phenotype, which has been hypothesized
to
induce TSM (
17), led primarily to an increase in AT
TA
transversions
in tester strain CC105 (7.8-fold) as well as AT
CG and
GC
TA transversions
in tester strains CC101 and CC104 (5.1-fold and
3.7-fold, respectively)
(
23). The
recD mutation
abolished the
miaA mutator phenotype,
whereas a
recD mutation failed to affect induction of TSM in
mutA mutants (
29). Finally, the
miaA
mutator phenotype was reduced,
but not abolished, by the
lexA(Ind
) mutation, whereas TSM was not
reduced in cells unable to induce
the SOS response (
28).
Nonetheless, the striking dependence
of both the
miaA
mutator phenotype and TSM on recombination functions
suggests that
miaA mutations may partly induce the TSM response,
albeit
more weakly than
mutA mutations. Testing of this hypothesis
will require a much deeper understanding of the mechanism of the
TSM
response and of the reasons why it depends on recombination
functions,
especially in cells lacking preformed DNA lesions (
28).
miaB and hisT tRNA modification mutants
lack a mutator phenotype.
We tested whether other tRNA
modification mutations induced GCTA transversion mutations (Fig.
3). We found that the hisT mutant, which lacks pseudouridine residues at positions 38, 39, and 40 in the anticodon stem-loop of tRNAs (3, 8, 33, 35), has a
barely detectable mutator phenotype. For reasons that are not
understood, there was more variation in lacZ+
reversion of hisT mutants than in that of miaA
mutants (Fig. 3). Mutation of miaB did not cause a mutator
phenotype.
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FIG. 3.
Mutation frequencies of strain CC104 (GCTA tester)
containing a miaA or miaB mutation or a
hisT mutation and thus defective in
ms2i6A-37 or pseudouridine tRNA modification,
respectively. Experiments were performed as described for Fig. 2.
|
|
These results have three implications. First, induction of GC
TA
transversion, and possibly TSM, seems to be correlated with
the
severity of translation defects and pleiotropic phenotypes
caused by
tRNA undermodification, where
miaA >
hisT >
miaB (
3,
8,
33).
Second, undermodification of ms
2i
6A-37 to
i
6A-37 in
miaB mutants does not induce
mutagenesis. The i
6A-37 tRNA undermodification also occurs
in
miaA+ bacteria that are subjected to mild
limitation for iron, and
it has been suggested that this
undermodification acts as a physiological
switch in response to this
stress (
3). Our results show that
this undermodification
likely does not act as a switch to increase
GC
TA transversion.
Third, tRNA modifications in response to other
stress conditions have
been reported (
3). With the exception
of oxygen-dependent
hydroxylation of ms
2i
6A-37 to form
ms
2io
6A-37 in
Salmonella
(
3), the mechanisms and physiological implications
of
these tRNA undermodifications remain largely unexplored
(
3).
It is possible that other stress conditions may
trigger GC
TA
transversion, and possibly the TSM pathway, through
tRNA undermodification
in wild-type
bacteria.
Overexpression of MutS mismatch repair protein suppresses the
miaA mutator phenotype.
Recently we reported that
overexpression of the MutS DNA mismatch binding protein leads to a
recA-independent decrease in GCTA transversion mutations
in wild-type E. coli and mutY mutants (37). Therefore, we tested whether overexpression of the
MutS and MutL mismatch repair proteins decreases GCTA transversion in miaA mutants (Fig. 4). We
found that overexpression of MutS or MutL suppressed the
miaA mutator phenotype, with MutS eliciting the stronger
effect (Fig. 4). This result suggests that the miaA mutator
phenotype, and possibly part of the TSM response, may involve a
mismatch recognizable by the MutS protein, which is present at
just-sufficient levels in exponentially growing E. coli
cells and is strongly down-regulated in bacterial cells that are in
stationary phase, such as those used in these experiments (14,
34).
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FIG. 4.
Mutation frequencies of strain CC104 miaA
(GCTA tester) containing an empty vector plasmid (pControl) or
plasmids that overexpress the MutL (pMutL) or MutS (pMutS) mismatch
repair proteins by about 20- and 60-fold, respectively
(16). Experiments were performed as described for Fig. 2,
except that 50 µg of kanamycin per ml was added to growth media and
plates to maintain the plasmids.
|
|
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS |
We thank Tiffany Tsui and Gang Feng for helpful information and
critical discussions of this work; M. Goodman, Susan Lovett, Jeffrey
Miller, B. Wanner, G. Weinstock, and R. Woodgate for strains; and Susan
Rosenberg for plasmids.
This work was supported by NIH grant RO1-CA77193 and by resources of
the Lilly Research Laboratories.
| |
FOOTNOTES |
*
Corresponding author. Present address: Lilly Research
Laboratories, Drop Code 1543, Indianapolis, IN 46285. Phone: (317)
433-0095. Fax: (317) 276-9159. E-mail:
Winkler_Malcolm_E{at}Lilly.com.
| |
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Journal of Bacteriology, March 2001, p. 1796-1800, Vol. 183, No. 5
0021-9193/01/$04.00+0 DOI: 10.1128/JB.183.5.1796-1800.2001
Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.
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