Skip to main page content

• HOME
• Current Issue
• Archive
• Alerts
• About ASM
• Contact us
• Tech Support
• Journals.ASM.org

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Reprints and Permissions Copyright Information Books from ASM Press MicrobeWorld Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Zhao, S. Articles by Williams, K. P. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Zhao, S. Articles by Williams, K. P.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Journal of Bacteriology, February 2002, p. 859-860, Vol. 184, No. 3
0021-9193/01/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.184.3.859-860.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Integrative Genetic Element That Reverses the Usual Target Gene Orientation

Sihui Zhao and Kelly P. Williams^*

Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405

Received 2 August 2001/ Accepted 1 November 2001

Top Abstract Introduction References

 
A genetic element integrating site specifically into a prokaryotic gene usually carries a copy of the 3' portion of that gene that restores the active gene even as the original is disrupted. A cryptic element in Mesorhizobium loti instead carries a copy of the 5' end of the tRNA gene into which it integrated. This has implications for the evolution of new integrase-site combinations.

Top Abstract Introduction References

 
Prokaryotic genetic elements often encode integrases that allow site-specific integration into the host chromosome. When the host integration site (attB) lies within a gene, the element usually carries at its integration site (attP) the same segment of the gene as that displaced; integration disrupts yet smoothly restores the active gene (Fig. 1A). This strategy allows the use of host sequences that are conserved (and therefore reliable) as integration sites without compromising host viability. Although DNA strand crossover occurs in very small (7-bp) segments, elements have apparently been able to capture from a host genome the somewhat larger segment required to restore the target gene. In all previously described cases, it is the 3' portion of the target gene that is captured in attP.

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]

FIG. 1. Restoration of tRNA genes upon integration. (A) Blocks of sequence identity (brackets) between reacting circular DNAs typically extend from the crossover segment (solid boxes) to the 3' end of the target gene; consequentially, the gene is restored upon integration and aims toward the integrated element. (B) Mlo38S reverses the usual orientation of its target gene by, instead, replacing its 5' end, which presumably creates an expressed pseudogene. Despite the differing relationships to target genes, the integrases from these two elements are closely related (31% identity). The 14,263-bp element Sco14R was found in S. coelicolor genome sequence data (www.sanger.ac.uk); annotation of its gene content (GenBank entries AL035707 and AL049573) suggests a close relationship to integrative plasmid pSAM2.

Why are 3' ends of genes captured in attPs rather than 5' ends? Several explanations have been proposed (2, 10). (i) Regulatory signals at the 5' ends of genes are more difficult to replace and more crucial than signals at the 3' ends of genes. An apparent factor-independent transcriptional terminator is frequently found downstream of the gene fragment in attP, but a terminator may be simpler to provide, and function in a broader host range, than the promoter that would need to accompany 5' capture. (ii) A 5' gene fragment displaced by integration could create an expressed pseudogene that is potentially deleterious either to a virus during lytic growth or to the host after integration. (iii) The mechanism whereby target gene fragments are captured may be directional if, for example, tRNAs or mRNAs mark their own genes by hybridization. Capture may be too infrequent to access experimentally, but enlarging of the database of integration site usage will serve such inquiry.

The rapidly increasing set of completely sequenced bacterial genomes is a rich source of cryptic element sequences. For the majority of classical integrases of the tyrosine recombinase family, a tRNA gene in the host chromosome serves as the target site (7, 10). The integrase gene (int) and attP are typically adjacent, facilitating their coevolution, and in about half of the cases int is situated next to the intact tRNA gene in the integrated element. A simple approach can identify candidate endpoints for some cryptic elements: find an adjacent int-tRNA gene pair in an annotated genome and then perform a search with the tDNA sequence for a large duplicated segment in the same orientation as the tRNA gene and across from int. In the recently sequenced Mesorhizobium loti chromosome (4), we identified two cryptic elements, Mlo45V and Mlo105R (named for the host species, the size in kilobase pairs, and the identity of the tRNA gene), in this way. For these and the previously identified M. loti symbiosis island (9), the intact tRNA genes comprising attL are oriented toward the element, as the usual 3'-end duplication strategy demands (Fig. 1A).

A fourth integrase gene of M. loti is adjacent to a tRNA-Ser gene; however, this tRNA gene aims away from int. Nonetheless, a 39-bp block with sequence and orientation identical to that of the 5' portion of the tRNA gene is found 38 kbp away, on the other side of the integrase gene (Fig. 1B and 2). This preliminary indication for a cryptic element (Mlo38S) requires further support, since its attP would be exceptional. Comparison with other partitions of the M. loti genome suggests an exogenous origin for Mlo38S (Table 1). As for other M. loti genetic elements, the (A+T):(C+G) ratio and codon bias (5) of Mlo38S are distinctly elevated relative to those of the remainder of the genome. Mlo38S has the lowest percentage of genes with at least some functional assignment; other than its integrase, only two of its proteins are assigned (4), homologs of the two subunits of the phage P22 enzyme that initiates headful DNA packaging. This suggests that Mlo38S may be a prophage, although the source of virion structural proteins has not been identified.

View larger version (22K): [in this window] [in a new window]

FIG. 2. Mlo38S ends and a Bradyrhizobium homolog. tDNA-Ser and integrase gene sequences are in uppercase. Anticodon loop tDNA is underlined. Wavy underlining indicates plausible -35 and -10 promoter elements. Sequence data for the presumed attL in B. japonicum is not available.

View this table: [in this window] [in a new window]

TABLE 1. Partitions of the M. loti genome

A hypothetical problem arising from integration that replaces the 5' end of an expressed gene is that the gene fragment remaining at attL would be expressed (2). The transcriptional status of Mlo38S attL is unclear: potential -35 and -10 sequences indicated in Fig. 2 have unusually long spacing; a better candidate for a strong promoter would initiate transcription 426 bp upstream of the tDNA fragment. It is also unclear whether expression of such a tDNA fragment would, in fact, be deleterious, but if its expression has been dampened by mutation since the integration of Mlo38S, then the host may not survive with the weakened gene that would be left after excision of the element. The tRNA-Ser encoded at Mlo38S attR must be expressed, being the only M. loti tRNA that can decode UCA codons; its likely promoter is at the end of the integrase gene (Fig. 2).

Bradyrhizobium japonicum provides a redundant instance of the Mlo38S integration system; it has the gene for the closest known BLAST homolog of the Mlo38S integrase (52% identity), at the same orientation to the same tRNA gene (Fig. 2). Phylogenetic analysis (10; see also the Tyrosine Recombinase Web Site at http://members.home.net/domespo/trhome.html) tends to place these two integrases, associated with a 5' gene fragment capture event, into a small subfamily with integrases associated with the standard capture of the 3' ends of different tRNA genes, from pSE101, pSE211, and the element Sco14R (Fig. 1A) that we have newly identified in Streptomyces coelicolor.

While some integrases appear to promote crossover at T-loop or T-stem/acceptor-stem junction tDNA (1, 10), the best-studied tDNA-specific integrases catalyze DNA strand crossover in a 7-bp segment corresponding precisely to anticodon-loop tDNA (3, 6, 8). In these cases, as for pSE101, pSE211, and Sco14R, the blocks of identical sequence shared by attL and attR just encompass the anticodon-loop tDNA and extend 3'. Crossover at anticodon-loop tDNA, which is flanked by the symmetrical sequences that encode the anticodon stem, mirrors the preference of lambda integrase (whose attB is not in tDNA) for symmetrical core binding sites flanking its crossover segment. The attLR identity block for Mlo38S also just encompasses anticodon-loop tDNA, although extending 5' (Fig. 2). Termination of identity at the commonly used anticodon-loop sublocation, and the close relationship of its integrase to others associated with 3' captures, suggests that Mlo38S exhibits a rare outcome of a standard mechanism of target gene fragment capture. This mechanism can now be said not to oblige the 3' direction. The strong directional bias that is still observed may yet be imparted upon capture or may result from negative selection after 5' captures.

 
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: 1001 East Third St., Bloomington IN 47405. Phone: (812) 856-5697. Fax: (812) 855-6705. E-mail: kwilliam{at}bio.indiana.edu.

Top Abstract Introduction References

 

1
1. Auvray, F., M. Coddeville, R. C. Ordonez, and P. Ritzenthaler. 1999. Unusual structure of the attB site of the site-specific recombination system of Lactobacillus delbrueckii bacteriophage mv4. J. Bacteriol. 181:7385–7389.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
2
2. Campbell, A. M. 1992. Chromosomal insertion sites for phages and plasmids. J. Bacteriol. 174:7495–7499.[Free Full Text]
3
3. Hauser, M. A., and J. J. Scocca. 1992. Site-specific integration of the Haemophilus influenzae bacteriophage HP1. Identification of the points of recombinational strand exchange and the limits of the host attachment site. J. Biol. Chem. 267:6859–6864.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
4
4. Kaneko, T., Y. Nakamura, S. Sato, E. Asamizu, T. Kato, S. Sasamoto, A. Watanabe, K. Idesawa, A. Ishikawa, K. Kawashima, T. Kimura, Y. Kishida, C. Kiyokawa, M. Kohara, M. Matsumoto, A. Matsuno, Y. Mochizuki, S. Nakayama, N. Nakazaki, S. Shimpo, M. Sugimoto, C. Takeuchi, M. Yamada, and S. Tabata. 2000. Complete genome structure of the nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacterium Mesorhizobium loti. DNA Res. 7:331–338.[Abstract]
5
5. Karlin, S., J. Mrazek, and A. M. Campbell. 1998. Codon usages in different gene classes of the Escherichia coli genome. Mol. Microbiol. 29:1341–1355.[CrossRef][Medline]
6
6. Pena, C. E., J. M. Kahlenberg, and G. F. Hatfull. 2000. Assembly and activation of site-specific recombination complexes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:7760–7765.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
7
7. Reiter, W. D., P. Palm, and S. Yeats. 1989. Transfer RNA genes frequently serve as integration sites for prokaryotic genetic elements. Nucleic Acids Res. 17:1907–1914.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
8
8. Smith-Mungo, L., I. T. Chan, and A. Landy. 1994. Structure of the P22 att site. Conservation and divergence in the lambda motif of recombinogenic complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 269:20798–20805.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
9
9. Sullivan, J. T., and C. W. Ronson. 1998. Evolution of rhizobia by acquisition of a 500-kb symbiosis island that integrates into a phe-tRNA gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:5145–5149.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
10
10. Williams, K. P. Integration sites for genetic elements in prokaryotic tRNA and tmRNA genes: sublocation preference of integrase subfamilies. Nucleic Acids Res., in press.

---

Journal of Bacteriology, February 2002, p. 859-860, Vol. 184, No. 3
0021-9193/01/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.184.3.859-860.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

This article has been cited by other articles:

• Fouts, D. E. (2006). Phage_Finder: Automated identification and classification of prophage regions in complete bacterial genome sequences. Nucleic Acids Res 34: 5839-5851 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Mantri, Y., Williams, K. P. (2004). Islander: a database of integrative islands in prokaryotic genomes, the associated integrases and their DNA site specificities. Nucleic Acids Res 32: D55-58 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
• Boltner, D., MacMahon, C., Pembroke, J. T., Strike, P., Osborn, A. M. (2002). R391: a Conjugative Integrating Mosaic Comprised of Phage, Plasmid, and Transposon Elements. J. Bacteriol. 184: 5158-5169 [Abstract] [Full Text]  

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Reprints and Permissions Copyright Information Books from ASM Press MicrobeWorld Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Zhao, S. Articles by Williams, K. P. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Zhao, S. Articles by Williams, K. P.