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Journal of Bacteriology, January 2003, p. 377-380, Vol. 185, No. 1
0021-9193/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.185.1.377-380.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

The Pseudomonas aeruginosa rhlAB Operon Is Not Expressed during the Logarithmic Phase of Growth Even in the Presence of Its Activator RhlR and the Autoinducer N-Butyryl-Homoserine Lactone

Gerardo Medina, Katy Juárez, and Gloria Soberón-Chávez*

Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico

Received 19 July 2002/ Accepted 14 October 2002


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ABSTRACT
 
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa rhlAB operon encodes the enzyme rhamnosyltransferase 1, which produces the biosurfactant mono-rhamnolipid; rhlAB induction is dependent on the quorum-sensing transcription activator RhlR complexed with the autoinducer N-butyryl-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL). In this work we studied rhlAB induction in a P. aeruginosa and Escherichia coli background. We found that, in both bacteria, its expression is not induced during the logarithmic phase of growth even in the presence of RhlR and C4-HSL. Additionally, we found that rhlAB expression is partially {sigma}s dependent.


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TEXT
 
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen causing serious nosocomial infections (5). The production of several of the virulence-associated traits created by this bacterium is regulated at the level of transcription by the so-called quorum-sensing response (8, 30).

Rhamnolipids are biosurfactants produced by P. aeruginosa (13) that are regulated by the quorum-sensing response dependent on the transcription activator RhlR (16) and the autoinducer (AI) N-butyryl-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL) synthesized by RhlI (17). The rhlAB operon encodes rhamnosyltransferase 1, which is responsible for monorhamnolipid production from TDP-L-rhamnose and ß-hydroxy-fatty acids (15), and rhlC encodes rhamnosyltransferase 2, which produces dirhamnolipid by using monorhamnolipid and TDP-L-rhamnose as substrates (22). The model for the transcription activation of rhlAB and rhlC is that with increasing bacterial cell density the concentration of C4-HSL reaches a threshold level and then attaches to the transcription activator RhlR (16). The RhlR-C4-HSL complex activates the transcription of the rhlAB operon (18, 20) and rhlC (22).

P. aeruginosa contains a second quorum-sensing regulon, consisting of the transcription regulator LasR, which is activated by the AI N-3-oxododecanoyl homoserine lactone (3-o-C12-HSL). The transcription of several genes encoding virulence-associated traits is activated by the Las system (8, 31), and it has a central role in the transcription of rhlR (12, 20).

The aim of this work was to determine whether the expression of the rhlAB operon is dependent only on the presence of RhlR and C4-HSL or whether other regulatory elements participate. To do this, we studied rhlAB expression along the growth curve of P. aeruginosa PAO1/pECP61.5 (rhlA::lacZ ptac-rhlR) (Table 1) adding C4-HSL and 0.1 mM isopropyl-ß-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) from the onset of the culture on the phosphate-limited PPGAS medium used to produce rhamnolipids (32). It was apparent that rhlAB promoter is not expressed during the logarithmic phase of growth even in the presence of C4-HSL and RhlR, as detected by Western immunoblotting (Fig. 1). To ensure that RhlR expression was not a limiting factor, IPTG was added from the beginning of the culture. We detected the presence of RhlR protein as early as 2 h after induction, corresponding to an optical density of 0.1 at 600 nm, while the expression of the rhlA::lacZ fusion was apparent until 6 h after induction, when the culture had an optical density of 1.7 (Fig. 1).


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  		TABLE 1. Strains and plasmid used in this study



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  		FIG. 1. (A) Expression of the rhlA::lacZ translational fusion encoded in plasmid pECP61.5 in P. aeruginosa strain PAO1 (rhombus), as a function of the optical density at 600 nm (OD600) of a culture grown on PPGAS (open symbols) and LB (closed symbols) media at 37°C and on these media supplemented with 10 µM C4-HSL and 0.1 mM IPTG (circles) or 10 µM concentrations of both C4-HSL and 3-o-C12-HSL and 0.1 mM IPTG (triangles). ß-Galactosidase activity is expressed in Miller units (14). (B) Immunoblotting of the RhlR protein along the growth curve of strain PAO1 on PPGAS medium (32) shown in panel A. Lanes 1 to 3 show RhlR expressed in cells grown on this medium at optical densities at 600 nm of approximately 0.1, 0.7, and 2.4, respectively. Lanes 4 to 6 present RhlR expressed in cells grown on PPGAS medium supplemented with 10 µM C4-HSL and 0.1 mM IPTG at the same cell densities. The size of the molecular markers is shown at the left side of the lane (Mr).

We determined that the lack of rhlA::lacZ expression during the exponential phase of growth was not due to a limitation of C4-HSL concentration, since the same results were obtained when a 10-fold concentration of this AI was used (data not shown).

To carry out the immunodetection of RhlR, New Zealand rabbits were immunized with a protein fusion, ThioR-RhlR, in order to produce polyclonal antibodies. To construct a ThioR-RhlR protein fusion, the rhlR gene was PCR amplified. The product was digested with KpnI and SalI and cloned into plasmid pThioC (Invitrogen) digested with the same enzymes. Escherichia coli cultures were grown until they reached the indicated optical density at 600 nm. The cells were collected and lysed by boiling for 5 min in loading buffer (23). An equal amount of protein from each lysate was separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-14% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The proteins were transferred by electroblotting from the gel to Hybond-C nitrocellulose membranes (Amersham Life Science Corp.). RhlR was detected by using the rabbit polyclonal antiserum raised against ThioR-RhlR.

Different P. aeruginosa genes regulated by the quorum-sensing response have been classified depending on their response to 3-o-C12-HSL and C4-HSL and the time course of their induction (28). Several of the genes identified were not expressed during the exponential phase of growth (classified as types 2 and 4). According to this study (28), the rhlAB promoter was classified as a type 3 promoter. This type of promoters responds only in the presence of both AIs and is expressed from the onset of the culture (28). All genes regulated by RhlR and C4-HSL are expected to be dependent on both AIs in the experimental conditions promulgated by Whiteley et al. (28), since the expression of rhlR is dependent on 3-o-C12-HSL (12, 20). The results presented here are in contradiction with this observation, since we found that rhlAB is not expressed in the logarithmic phase of growth even in the presence of RhlR and C4-HSL. To determine whether the differences in our results with those previously reported (28) could be due to the lack of expression of a factor different from RhlR, depending on the presence of 3-o-C12-HSL, we studied rhlAB expression on PPGAS medium supplemented with both AIs. Our data show that in the PAO1 background rhlAB is not expressed during the logarithmic phase of growth even when C4-HSL and 3-o-C12-HSL are present (Fig. 1).

Another possibility to explain the discrepancy between our results and the previously reported data (28) was the use of different culture media to study rhlAB expression. To explore this possibility we did the experiments on Luria-Bertani (LB) medium (14) used by Whiteley et al. (28). We found that rhlAB was not expressed on the logarithmic phase of growth of PAO1 cells grown on LB medium even when it was supplemented with C4-HSL or both C4-HSL and 3-o-C12-HSL (Fig. 1). It is apparent that rhlAB is expressed at a lower level on LB medium; we obtained considerably lower ß-galactosidase activities than those obtained when this bacterium is grown on PPGAS medium (Fig. 1). It can be concluded from our results that the rhlAB operon belongs to the type 4 group of quorum-sensing-regulated genes according to the classification of Whiteley et al. (28). It is possible that rhlAB expression during the exponential phase of growth reported (28) was due to a particular status of the quorum-sensing response in the lasI, rhlI-derived PAO1 mutant, supplemented with both AIs, that was used in that study.

Several gene products that exert a negative effect on P. aeruginosa quorum-sensing response have been reported (2, 4, 7, 21, 25, 29). The products of these genes have recently been postulated to participate in preventing the early expression of type 2 and 4 quorum-sensing-regulated genes (19). Most of these negative regulators, such as RpoS (25, 29), RsmA (21), DksA (2), and QscR (4), exert their negative regulatory effect through the repression of one or both genes encoding AI synthetase lasI or rhlI and are thus not expected to have any repressing activity when AIs are supplemented to the culture medium, as in the case that we are studying. It has very recently been shown that P. aeruginosa MvaT has a negative effect on the expression of different quorum-sensing- regulated traits and could have a minor role in preventing the expression of the lecA gene during the exponential phase of growth in the presence of AIs (7, 19). The mechanism of MvaT control of quorum-sensing-regulated gene expression is unknown, but it is known that this regulator is present only in Pseudomonas (7).

To determine whether the regulatory elements (a repressor or the lack of an activator) that prevent rhlAB expression during logarithmic phase of growth were present only in the P. aeruginosa genetic background, we studied the kinetics of rhlAB expression along the growth curve of E. coli DH5{alpha}/pECP61.5. It was apparent that this operon was not expressed during the exponential phase of growth, as was found in P. aeruginosa, even in the presence of C4-HSL and RhlR (Fig. 2). These results show that the presence of RhlR and C4-HSL is a necessary condition for rhlAB expression but that there is a regulatory element that prevents the expression of this operon during the exponential phase of growth.



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  		FIG. 2. (A) Expression of the rhlA::lacZ translational fusion encoded in plasmid pECP61.5 in E. coli strain DH5{alpha} as a function of the optical density at 600 nm (OD600) of a culture grown at 37°C on LB medium (14) (rhombi) and on this medium supplemented with 10 µM C4-HSL and 0.1 mM IPTG (circles). ß-Galactosidase activity is expressed in Miller units (14). (B) Immunoblotting of the RhlR protein along the growth curve of strain DH5{alpha} shown in panel A. Lanes 1 to 3 show RhlR expressed in cells grown on LB medium at an optical density at 600 nm of approximately 0.4, 1.6, and 3.4, respectively. Lanes 4 to 6 present RhlR expressed in cells grown on LB supplemented with 10 µM C4-HSL and 0.1 mM IPTG at the same optical densities. The size of the molecular markers is shown at the left side of the lane (Mr).

We further characterize the exponential-phase silencing of the rhlAB promoter in an E. coli rpoS mutant, and we found that it also occurs but that the level of rhlA::lacZ expression on the stationary phase of growth was considerably lower (Fig. 3A), suggesting that in E. coli this sigma factor is involved, directly or indirectly, in rhlAB expression during the stationary phase of growth.



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  		FIG. 3. Effect of an rpoS mutation on the expression of the rhlA::lacZ fusion encoded in plasmid pECP61.5 in E. coli (A) and P. aeruginosa (B) as a function of the optical density at 600 nm (OD600) of cultures grown on LB (14) and PPGAS (32) media, respectively. Symbols correspond to E. coli strain MC4100 grown on LB medium (rhombi) and on this medium supplemented with 10 µM C4-HSL and 0.1 mM IPTG (circles); the rpoS-derived mutant JV1065 was grown on LB medium (squares) and on the same medium supplemented with 10 µM C4-HSL and 0.1 mM IPTG (triangles). P. aeruginosa PAO1 was grown on PPGAS medium (rhombi) and on the same medium supplemented with 10 µM C4-HSL and 0.1 mM IPTG (circles); its rpoS-derived mutant PAS1 was grown on PPGAS medium (squares) and on the same medium supplemented with 10 µM C4-HSL and 0.1 mM IPTG (triangles). ß-Galactosidase activity is expressed in Miller units (14).

It has been reported that in P. aeruginosa an rpoS mutation causes increased pyocyanin production (25, 29), presumably due to increased production of C4-HSL by this mutant (29). However some quorum-sensing-regulated traits, such as exotoxin A, are produced at a lower level (25), and the production of lectins, for example, is completely abolished, since the lecA gene has a {sigma}s-dependent promoter (30).

We constructed a PAO1 rpoS::Gm mutant called PAS1 (Table 1) by the following procedure: a PCR product containing the rpoS gene was digested with PstI and SmaI and was subsequently ligated into pBluescript II KS (Stratagene). A 1.1-kb Gm cassette from pBSL141 (1) was inserted into the unique HincII site of pCOC1 within rpoS. The resulting knockout construct was transformed into P. aeruginosa, and mutants were selected as gentamicin resistant and carbenicillin sensitive. PCR and Southern blot analysis was performed to confirm the presence of the Gm cassette within the chromosome of the P. aeruginosa rpoS mutant (data not shown).

Strain PAS1 produces, as expected, high levels of pyocyanin measured as described previously (6) (PAO1 produces 0.46 µg/ml, while PAS1 produces 0.71 µg/ml at 8 h of growth in PPGAS medium at 37°C). PAS1 mutant produces a rhamnolipid level similar to that produced by PAO1, determined by the orcinol method (3) (the wild-type strain produces 172 µg/ml, while the rpoS mutant produces 161 µg/ml under the same conditions used to measure pyocyanin). We found that in PAS1, as in the E. coli rpoS mutant, the rhlAB operon is not expressed in the exponential phase of growth and that its expression is significantly lower in stationary phase (Fig. 3B). These results show that rhlAB expression is partially {sigma}s dependent, even in the presence of an increased C4-HSL concentration (31).

It was reported that the expression of the E. coli relA gene, encoding the ppGpp synthase, during the exponential growth of P. aeruginosa PAO1 causes an early expression of different traits involved in the quorum-sensing response, including AIs (26). One possible explanation for the exponential-phase silencing of the rhlAB promoter is that it is dependent on the stringent response and that, hence, this operon will not be expressed when there is no limitation of bacterial growth. This would explain the dependence of its expression on {sigma}s, since it has been shown in E. coli that gene expression by this alternative sigma factor is tightly linked to the stringent response (9, 11). We have preliminary evidence suggesting that, in P. aeruginosa as in E. coli, the rhlAB promoter is not silenced during exponential-phase growth in minimal media (data not shown). These results suggest that P. aeruginosa nutritional status, maybe sensed through the stringent response, is involved in the regulation of rhlAB expression.


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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Clarita Olvera for the construction of PAO1rpoS::Gm mutant (PAS1).

This research was funded in part by CONACYT grants 31698-N and 0028. Gerardo Medina held a CONACYT scholarship during the development of this work.


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FOOTNOTES
 
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Apdo. Postal 510-3, Cuernavaca Morelos 62251, Mexico. Phone: (52) (777) 3291634. Fax: (52) (777) 3172388. E-mail: gloria{at}ibt.unam.mx. Back


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Journal of Bacteriology, January 2003, p. 377-380, Vol. 185, No. 1
0021-9193/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.185.1.377-380.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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  • Espinosa-Urgel, M. (2003). Resident Parking Only: Rhamnolipids Maintain Fluid Channels in Biofilms. J. Bacteriol. 185: 699-700 [Full Text]  

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