This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Chiang, P.
Right arrow Articles by Burrows, L. L.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Chiang, P.
Right arrow Articles by Burrows, L. L.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Journal of Bacteriology, April 2003, p. 2374-2378, Vol. 185, No. 7
0021-9193/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.185.7.2374-2378.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Biofilm Formation by Hyperpiliated Mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Poney Chiang and Lori L. Burrows*

Centre for Infection and Biomaterials Research, Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Received 4 October 2002/ Accepted 19 December 2002


arrow
ABSTRACT
 
Under static growth conditions, hyperpiliated, nontwitching pilT and pilU mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa formed dense biofilms, showing that adhesion, not twitching motility, is necessary for biofilm initiation. Under flow conditions, the pilT mutant formed mushroom-like structures larger than those of the wild type but the pilU mutant was defective in biofilm formation. Therefore, twitching motility affects the development of biofilm structure, possibly through modulation of detachment.


arrow
TEXT
 
Type IV pili (TFP) are the major virulence-associated adhesins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8). TFP mediate binding to host cells and generate a form of surface translocation called twitching motility (15). P. aeruginosa is a model organism for the study of biofilms, attached communities of microorganisms that are medically significant due to their increased tolerance of antimicrobials (3). Recent studies have given contrasting evidence on the role of twitching motility in microcolony formation and biofilm differentiation. O'Toole and Kolter (12) showed that pilB, pilC, and pilY1 mutants, which have been found by electron microscopy to lack TFP, did not form microcolonies, a deficit attributed to the loss of twitching-mediated cell aggregation in early (8-h) biofilms. Other adhesins (cupA) can promote biofilm formation under static growth conditions in the absence of TFP, suggesting that neither TFP-mediated adhesion nor motility is absolutely necessary (18). Heydorn et al. (9) showed that a TFP-dependent chemosensory mutant ({Delta}pilHIJK), which has aberrant twitching motility, formed dense microcolonies in a mature (98-h) biofilm. P. aeruginosa variants with enhanced biofilm-forming abilities have been noted to have a hyperpiliated phenotype (5), but the specific TFP genes involved were not identified. These hyperpiliated and hyperadhesive variants had a small rough colony phenotype similar to that recently described for drug-resistant P. aeruginosa variants with enhanced biofilm-forming ability isolated from cystic fibrosis patients undergoing antibiotic therapy (6).

In P. aeruginosa, both PilT and its homologue PilU are required for twitching motility (21, 22). PilT is thought to be a pilin depolymerase that disassembles TFP into pilin subunits, resulting in filament retraction (11), while the function of PilU is currently unknown. Mutations in either pilT or pilU result in a nontwitching, hyperpiliated phenotype (22). In this study, we used pilT and pilU mutants to examine the role of twitching motility in biofilm initiation and development under both static and flowing growth conditions.

Adhesion, not twitching motility, is important for biofilm formation. Strains used in this study are listed in Table 1. pUCP20Gm was constructed by linearizing pUCP20 (10) at a unique ScaI site within the bla gene, followed by insertion of a gentamicin resistance cassette released from pUCGm (14) with SmaI. Primers pilTup (5'-GGGATCCGCTCATCCGGTGTTTTCCTT-3') and pilTdown (5'-GGGAAGCTTCTTGAATCCTAGACGCAGTT-3'), based on the Pseudomonas genome sequence (17), were used to amplify pilT from strain PAK. The amplification product was digested with BamHI and HindIII and ligated into the multiple cloning site (MCS) in pUCP20Gm to form pUCP20Gm-pilT. The construct was introduced into strain R364 by electroporation and selected on Luria-Bertani agar containing 200 µg of gentamicin/ml. Similarly, pilU was amplified with primers pilUup (5'-AAAAAGCTTCCCGAATCCCGGAACTGCGT-3') and pilUdown (5'-AAAAAGCTTCAGCACCCTGCAACTGGAAA-3'). The pilU amplicon was digested with HindIII, followed by ligation into the corresponding MCS in pUCP20Gm to construct pUCP20Gm-pilU.


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		TABLE 1. Strains and vectors used

The piliation and twitching motilities of all strains were examined by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and subsurface twitching motility assays (15), respectively. The wild-type PAK strain and complemented mutants R364+ and S34+ were positive for twitching motility, while the structural mutant PAK-NP and the functional mutants R364 and S34 exhibited no twitching zone (Fig. 1). TEM analysis showed that PAK-NP was nonpiliated but that R364 (Fig. 2) and S34 were hyperpiliated. The complemented mutants R364+ (Fig. 2) and S34+ were similar to the wild type.



View larger version (76K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 1. Complementation of twitching motility in pilT and pilU mutants. Thin (3-mm) Luria-Bertani 1% agar plates were stab inoculated with a toothpick and incubated at 37°C for 48 h (15). Twitching motility is visualized as a halo between the agar and plastic plates, surrounding the point of inoculation. Both twitching and nontwitching strains form colonies on the agar surface. Scale bar, 10 mm. NP, mutant PAK-NP.



View larger version (61K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 2. Transmission electron micrographs of negatively stained (phosphotungstic acid) PAK and the pilT and complemented pilT mutants. (A) Wild-type PAK strain; (B) pilT mutant R364; (C) complemented pilT mutant R364+. Images were acquired with a JEM 1230 electron microscope (JEOL, Peabody, Mass.) equipped with a charge-coupled device camera (Amount, Denver, Mass.). The arrows indicate pili. Size bars are shown on the bottom of each panel.

Biofilm formation assays were conducted as described by O'Toole and Kolter (12), with modifications. Overnight cultures in Davis minimal media (Difco) supplemented with 0.1% glucose (DMM+) were washed and standardized to an optical density at 600 nm (OD600) of 0.05 (~107 CFU/ml). Ten microliters of standardized culture was added to 190 µl of fresh medium in each of 10 wells, and the wells were incubated for 24 h at room temperature (RT). Planktonic cells were transferred to a new plate for measurement of the OD600 prior to rinsing and staining of biofilms with crystal violet.

As reported previously (12, 18), the lack of TFP (a characteristic of mutant PAK-NP) resulted in less biofilm formation than that of the wild type but the lack of twitching motility in the presence of hyperpiliation (a characteristic of mutants R364 and S34) resulted in the establishment of dense biofilms (Fig. 3). The growth rates of R364 and S34 were similar to that of the wild type (data not shown), showing that increased biofilm formation was not due to increased growth. The observed increase in biofilm formation by pilT and pilU mutants is consistent with the phenotypes reported for P. aeruginosa variants with increased biofilm-forming ability (5, 6), although such strains have not been demonstrated to have altered expression of pilT or pilU. The complemented strains R364+ and S34+ formed levels of biofilm slightly less than or comparable to that of the wild type. Singh et al. (16) recently reported that sequestration of iron by lactoferrin increased the twitching motility of P. aeruginosa, with concomitant reduction in microcolony formation and subsequent biofilm formation. Taken together, these findings indicate that TFP may promote the initiation of biofilm formation through cell-substratum and cell-cell adhesion rather than twitching. This finding is in contrast to that of the contribution of flagella to biofilm formation, since the absence of flagellar motor activity, even in the presence of intact flagella, reduces biofilm formation (18).



View larger version (11K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 3. Biofilm formation assay under static conditions. Standardized cultures were inoculated into DMM+ in microtiter plates and incubated at RT for 24 h. The OD600 of the planktonic culture in each well was measured to control for growth inconsistencies. The level of biofilm formation was quantitated indirectly by crystal violet staining (12). The results shown are the averages of results from five separate experiments.

Twitching motility is involved in generating normal biofilm morphology. Confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM) was used to examine biofilm formation by hyperpiliated mutants under flow conditions. Glass flow cells (Stovall) were modified by splicing a rubber injection port (Continu-Flo; Baxter) into the tubing immediately upstream of the flow cell. One milliliter of washed, standardized culture (107 CFU/ml) was injected into the flow cell, which was incubated without irrigation for 1 h at RT to allow attachment. Flow cells were irrigated at 30 ml/h with DMM+ at RT for 24 to 96 h by using peristaltic pumps (Cole Parmer). Biofilms were stained with BacLight Live/Dead stain (Molecular Probes) as suggested by the manufacturer and imaged with a Zeiss CSLM and LSM510 software (Zeiss).

CSLM imaging of 24-h biofilms revealed that PAK-NP did not adhere to glass under our experimental conditions (data not shown) but that the hyperpiliated R364 (pilT) mutant formed a dense cell mat (Fig. 4). TFP are thus the major adhesins for initial attachment to glass surfaces under flow conditions. At 24 h, R364+ exhibited the beginnings of three-dimensional heterogeneity, but R364 was still relatively undifferentiated (Fig. 4). After 96 h, R364 formed larger, more numerous, and more tightly packed three-dimensional mushroom-like structures than either the wild-type PAK strain or R364+, which resembled the wild type (Fig. 4). These results demonstrate that twitching motility mediated by PilT is necessary for the establishment of normal biofilm morphology and that in its absence there is an increase in the accumulation of cell mass. Our data indicate that twitching-mediated cell dispersal may be involved in maintaining the structure of a wild-type biofilm. Quorum sensing has also been implicated in biofilm differentiation in P. aeruginosa (4), but this effect is separate from that of twitching motility since the systems were shown recently to be unlinked (1). In addition, mutations in the TFP-dependent chemosensory system which result in aberrant twitching motility were reported to result in the development of large, well-defined, mushroom-like structures after 98 h, in contrast to the more dense and uniform biofilms formed in that system by the wild-type strain (PAO1) (9). Twitching motility appeared to be important for the colonization of the entire substratum, and without it, similar to our results with PAK, there was exaggerated localized development of oversized microcolonies.



View larger version (85K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG.4. Confocal scanning laser micrographs of P. aeruginosa biofilms grown under flow conditions. Biofilms were stained with BacLight Live/Dead stain. Sagittal (X-Z) sections through the biofilms are presented at the top and right of each image, with arrows showing the image planes. Biofilm development at 24 h is shown for the wild type (A), R364 (C), R364+ (E), and S34 (G). Biofilm morphology at 96 h is shown for PAK (B), R364 (D), R364+ (F), and S34 (H). S34+ biofilms (not shown) resembled those of R364+. PAK-NP did not adhere to the glass (data not shown). The results shown are representative of results from three separate experiments. Scale bar, 100 µm.

The hyperpiliated pilU mutant S34 is weakly adherent to glass under flow conditions. Unexpectedly, the hyperpiliated pilU (S34) mutant did not form dense biofilms like R364 under flow conditions. Compared to PAK, S34 adhered poorly to glass (Fig. 4) and did not form typical biofilm structures, even after 96 h. The complemented mutant, S34+, adhered slightly better at 24 h but was still less adherent than the wild type (data not shown). These results are consistent with those observed in the assay with static conditions (Fig. 3). After 96 h of incubation under flow conditions, S34+ formed biofilm structures resembling those of the complemented pilT mutant and the wild type (data not shown). Using TEM analysis, Whitchurch and Mattick (22) observed that the TFP of another pilU mutant, S40, appeared fragile and often presented as clumps separated from the cell. We saw similar amounts of pili detached from the wild-type and mutant strains (data not shown); however, it remains possible that the integrity of the TFP in S34 is compromised in some manner that could result in the poor adherence of pilU mutants when subjected to shearing forces under flow conditions.

Other differences between pilT and pilU mutants have been reported, suggesting that the two gene products have separate functions despite their homology to one another. pilT and pilU mutants have been shown to exhibit differences in sensitivity to pilus-specific bacteriophages (22). In addition, pilT mutants were less adherent to epithelial cells than pilU mutants in two of three mammalian cell lines tested (2). Recent studies of PilU in Neisseria suggest that PilT and PilU may interact in a complex to provide normal pilus function (13). The differences between the phenotypes of R364 and S34 may be due to differences in pilus strength or integrity. Biochemical and biophysical analyses of pili from the pilU mutant will be the focus of future studies to shed light on the function of PilU in twitching motility.

In summary, we have shown that a lack of twitching motility does not preclude biofilm formation but that it appears to be important for the normal course of biofilm development, which includes cycles of attachment, microcolony formation and maturation, and cell dispersal. In the absence of twitching motility, biofilm structure is more dense, suggesting that it plays a key role in the latter step of biofilm development.


arrow
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We are grateful to J. Boyd for providing bacterial strains. We thank C. Gallant for construction of pUCP20Gm and its derivatives and Y. M. Heng and M. Woodside for assistance with TEM and CSLM, respectively.

This work was supported by Canadian Institutes of Health Research grant no. MOP-49577 to L.L.B. P.C. is the recipient of a studentship from the Canadian Cystic Fibrosis Foundation.


arrow
FOOTNOTES
 
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Centre for Infection and Biomaterials Research, 7142A Elm Wing, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 555 University Ave., Toronto ON M5G 1X8, Canada. Phone: (416) 813-6293. Fax: (416) 813-6461. E-mail: lori.burrows{at}sickkids.ca. Back


arrow
REFERENCES
 
    1
  1. Beatson, S. A., C. B. Whitchurch, A. B. Semmler, and J. S. Mattick. 2002. Quorum sensing is not required for twitching motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Bacteriol. 184:3598-3604.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    2. 2
  2. Comolli, J. C., A. R. Hauser, L. Waite, C. B. Whitchurch, J. S. Mattick, and J. N. Engel. 1999. Pseudomonas aeruginosa gene products PilT and PilU are required for cytotoxicity in vitro and virulence in a mouse model of acute pneumonia. Infect. Immun. 67:3625-3630.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    3. 3
  3. Costerton, J. W., P. S. Stewart, and E. P. Greenberg. 1999. Bacterial biofilms: a common cause of persistent infections. Science 284:1318-1322.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    4. 4
  4. Davies, D. G., M. R. Parsek, J. P. Pearson, B. H. Iglewski, J. W. Costerton, and E. P. Greenberg. 1998. The involvement of cell-to-cell signals in the development of a bacterial biofilm. Science 280:295-298.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    5. 5
  5. Deziel, E., Y. Comeau, and R. Villemur. 2001. Initiation of biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 57RP correlates with emergence of hyperpiliated and highly adherent phenotypic variants deficient in swimming, swarming, and twitching motilities. J. Bacteriol. 183:1195-1204.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    6. 6
  6. Drenkard, E., and F. M. Ausubel. 2002. Pseudomonas biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance are linked to phenotypic variation. Nature 416:740-743.[CrossRef][Medline]
    7. 7
  7. Frost, L. S., and W. Paranchych. 1977. Composition and molecular weight of pili purified from Pseudomonas aeruginosa K. J. Bacteriol. 131:259-269.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    8. 8
  8. Hahn, H. P. 1997. The type-4 pilus is the major virulence-associated adhesin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa—a review. Gene 192:99-108.[CrossRef][Medline]
    9. 9
  9. Heydorn, A., B. Ersboll, J. Kato, M. Hentzer, M. R. Parsek, T. Tolker-Nielsen, M. Givskov, and S. Molin. 2002. Statistical analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development: impact of mutations in genes involved in twitching motility, cell-to-cell signaling, and stationary-phase sigma factor expression. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68:2008-2017.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    10. 10
  10. Hoang, T. T., R. R. Karkhoff-Schweizer, A. J. Kutchma, and H. P. Schweizer. 1998. A broad-host-range Flp-FRT recombination system for site-specific excision of chromosomally-located DNA sequences: application for isolation of unmarked Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants. Gene 212:77-86.[CrossRef][Medline]
    11. 11
  11. Merz, A. J., M. So, and M. P. Sheetz. 2000. Pilus retraction powers bacterial twitching motility. Nature 407:98-102.[CrossRef][Medline]
    12. 12
  12. O'Toole, G. A., and R. Kolter. 1998. Flagellar and twitching motility are necessary for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development. Mol. Microbiol. 30:295-304.[CrossRef][Medline]
    13. 13
  13. Park, H. S., M. Wolfgang, and M. Koomey. 2002. Modification of type IV pilus-associated epithelial cell adherence and multicellular behavior by the PilU protein of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Infect. Immun. 70:3891-3903.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    14. 14
  14. Schweizer, H. D. 1993. Small broad-host-range gentamycin resistance gene cassettes for site-specific insertion and deletion mutagenesis. BioTechniques 15:831-834.[Medline]
    15. 15
  15. Semmler, A. B., C. B. Whitchurch, and J. S. Mattick. 1999. A re-examination of twitching motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microbiology 145:2863-2873.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    16. 16
  16. Singh, P. K., M. R. Parsek, E. P. Greenberg, and M. J. Welsh. 2002. A component of innate immunity prevents bacterial biofilm development. Nature 417:552-555.[CrossRef][Medline]
    17. 17
  17. Stover, C. K., X. Q. Pham, A. L. Erwin, S. D. Mizoguchi, P. Warrener, M. J. Hickey, F. S. Brinkman, W. O. Hufnagle, D. J. Kowalik, M. Lagrou, R. L. Garber, L. Goltry, E. Tolentino, S. Westbrock-Wadman, Y. Yuan, L. L. Brody, S. N. Coulter, K. R. Folger, A. Kas, K. Larbig, R. Lim, K. Smith, D. Spencer, G. K. Wong, Z. Wu, and I. T. Paulsen. 2000. Complete genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01, an opportunistic pathogen. Nature 406:959-964.[CrossRef][Medline]
    18. 18
  18. Vallet, I., J. W. Olson, S. Lory, A. Lazdunski, and A. Filloux. 2001. The chaperone/usher pathways of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: identification of fimbrial gene clusters (cup) and their involvement in biofilm formation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:6911-6916.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
    19. 19
  19. Watson, A. A., J. S. Mattick, and R. A. Alm. 1996. Functional expression of heterologous type 4 fimbriae in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Gene 175:143-150.[CrossRef][Medline]
    20. 20
  20. West, S. E., H. P. Schweizer, C. Dall, A. K. Sample, and L. J. Runyen-Janecky. 1994. Construction of improved Escherichia-Pseudomonas shuttle vectors derived from pUC18/19 and sequence of the region required for their replication in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Gene 148:81-86.[CrossRef][Medline]
    21. 21
  21. Whitchurch, C. B., M. Hobbs, S. P. Livingston, V. Krishnapillai, and J. S. Mattick. 1991. Characterisation of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa twitching motility gene and evidence for a specialised protein export system widespread in eubacteria. Gene 101:33-44.[CrossRef][Medline]
    22. 22
  22. Whitchurch, C. B., and J. S. Mattick. 1994. Characterization of a gene, pilU, required for twitching motility but not phage sensitivity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Mol. Microbiol. 13:1079-1091.[CrossRef][Medline]

Journal of Bacteriology, April 2003, p. 2374-2378, Vol. 185, No. 7
0021-9193/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.185.7.2374-2378.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Kus, J. V., Kelly, J., Tessier, L., Harvey, H., Cvitkovitch, D. G., Burrows, L. L. (2008). Modification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pa5196 Type IV Pilins at Multiple Sites with D-Araf by a Novel GT-C Family Arabinosyltransferase, TfpW. J. Bacteriol. 190: 7464-7478 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Koo, J., Tammam, S., Ku, S.-Y., Sampaleanu, L. M., Burrows, L. L., Howell, P. L. (2008). PilF Is an Outer Membrane Lipoprotein Required for Multimerization and Localization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Type IV Pilus Secretin. J. Bacteriol. 190: 6961-6969 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Miller, R. M., Tomaras, A. P., Barker, A. P., Voelker, D. R., Chan, E. D., Vasil, A. I., Vasil, M. L. (2008). Pseudomonas aeruginosa Twitching Motility-Mediated Chemotaxis towards Phospholipids and Fatty Acids: Specificity and Metabolic Requirements. J. Bacteriol. 190: 4038-4049 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kukavica-Ibrulj, I., Bragonzi, A., Paroni, M., Winstanley, C., Sanschagrin, F., O'Toole, G. A., Levesque, R. C. (2008). In Vivo Growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains PAO1 and PA14 and the Hypervirulent Strain LESB58 in a Rat Model of Chronic Lung Infection. J. Bacteriol. 190: 2804-2813 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Chiang, P., Sampaleanu, L. M., Ayers, M., Pahuta, M., Howell, P. L., Burrows, L. L. (2008). Functional role of conserved residues in the characteristic secretion NTPase motifs of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa type IV pilus motor proteins PilB, PilT and PilU. Microbiology 154: 114-126 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Duggan, P. S., Gottardello, P., Adams, D. G. (2007). Molecular Analysis of Genes in Nostoc punctiforme Involved in Pilus Biogenesis and Plant Infection. J. Bacteriol. 189: 4547-4551 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Anderson, B. N., Ding, A. M., Nilsson, L. M., Kusuma, K., Tchesnokova, V., Vogel, V., Sokurenko, E. V., Thomas, W. E. (2007). Weak Rolling Adhesion Enhances Bacterial Surface Colonization. J. Bacteriol. 189: 1794-1802 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Porat, Y., Marynka, K., Tam, A., Steinberg, D., Mor, A. (2006). Acyl-Substituted Dermaseptin S4 Derivatives with Improved Bactericidal Properties, Including on Oral Microflora. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50: 4153-4160 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Emam, A., Yu, A. R., Park, H.-J., Mahfoud, R., Kus, J., Burrows, L. L., Lingwood, C. A. (2006). Laboratory and clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains do not bind glycosphingolipids in vitro or during type IV pili-mediated initial host cell attachment.. Microbiology 152: 2789-2799 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Huang, T.-P., Somers, E. B., Wong, A. C. L. (2006). Differential Biofilm Formation and Motility Associated with Lipopolysaccharide/Exopolysaccharide-Coupled Biosynthetic Genes in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.. J. Bacteriol. 188: 3116-3120 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Brockhurst, M. A, Buckling, A., Rainey, P. B (2005). The effect of a bacteriophage on diversification of the opportunistic bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Proc R Soc B 272: 1385-1391 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Chiang, P., Habash, M., Burrows, L. L. (2005). Disparate Subcellular Localization Patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Type IV Pilus ATPases Involved in Twitching Motility. J. Bacteriol. 187: 829-839 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Aukema, K. G., Kron, E. M., Herdendorf, T. J., Forest, K. T. (2005). Functional Dissection of a Conserved Motif within the Pilus Retraction Protein PilT. J. Bacteriol. 187: 611-618 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Thormann, K. M., Saville, R. M., Shukla, S., Pelletier, D. A., Spormann, A. M. (2004). Initial Phases of Biofilm Formation in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. J. Bacteriol. 186: 8096-8104 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kreft, J.-U. (2004). Biofilms promote altruism. Microbiology 150: 2751-2760 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Head, N. E., Yu, H. (2004). Cross-Sectional Analysis of Clinical and Environmental Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Biofilm Formation, Virulence, and Genome Diversity. Infect. Immun. 72: 133-144 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Huang, B., Whitchurch, C. B., Mattick, J. S. (2003). FimX, a Multidomain Protein Connecting Environmental Signals to Twitching Motility in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J. Bacteriol. 185: 7068-7076 [Abstract] [Full Text]  

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Chiang, P.
Right arrow Articles by Burrows, L. L.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Chiang, P.
Right arrow Articles by Burrows, L. L.

Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»