JB
Home Help [Feedback] [For Subscribers] [Archive] [Search] [Contents]
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Sugai, R.
Right arrow Articles by Tokuda, H.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Sugai, R.
Right arrow Articles by Tokuda, H.

 Previous Article

Journal of Bacteriology, September 2004, p. 5968-5971, Vol. 186, No. 17
0021-9193/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.186.17.5968-5971.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Overexpression of gnsA, a Multicopy Suppressor of the secG Null Mutation, Increases Acidic Phospholipid Contents by Inhibiting Phosphatidylethanolamine Synthesis at Low Temperatures

Rie Sugai, Hisayo Shimizu, Ken-ichi Nishiyama, and Hajime Tokuda*

Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan

Received 22 April 2004/ Accepted 3 June 2004


   ABSTRACT
Top
 Abstract
Text
 References
 
GnsA overproduction was previously found to suppress both the secG null mutation and the fabA6 mutation in Escherichia coli by increasing the unsaturated fatty acid contents. We report here that it also increased the acidic phospholipid contents at 20°C but not at 37°C. GnsA overproduction at 20°C specifically inhibited phosphatidylethanolamine synthesis and therefore caused the increase in the proportion of acidic phospholipids.


   TEXT
Top
 Abstract
 Text
References
 
Escherichia coli contains three major phospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and cardiolipin (CL). The phospholipid composition is important for the activities of various membrane proteins. For example, acidic phospholipids PG and CL are essential for the function of SecA (3, 8, 23), which drives protein translocation across membranes. Nonbilayer lipid PE has been reported to be important for protein translocation (16) and development of the functional membrane topology of lactose permease (1). SecG is a membrane component of the protein translocation machinery and facilitates the SecA function (11). The secG null mutation significantly retards protein translocation (4, 22). All multicopy suppressors of the secG null mutation have been found to be involved in lipid synthesis (7, 19, 21-23). The gnsA gene is one of these suppressors and encodes a hydrophilic protein consisting of 57 amino acids (21). Overproduction of GnsA also corrects the defect in a temperature-sensitive unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph, the fabA6 mutant (17, 21), through an unknown mechanism.

Although GnsA overproduction was previously shown to increase the unsaturated fatty acid contents without affecting the phospholipid composition (21), detailed examinations described here revealed that GnsA overproduction affected the phospholipid composition at low temperatures (Table 1). E. coli strain K003 (24) harboring pKQ2 (ParaB) (10) or pSRA (ParaB gnsA) (21) was inoculated into Luria-Bertani medium containing 1% glycerol, 25 µg of ampicillin/ml, and 0.2% arabinose to give an optical density at 660 nm (OD660) of 0.1. Cells were cultivated in the presence of [32P]orthophosphoric acid (0.37 MBq/ml; NEN Life Science Products) at 37°C to an OD660 of 0.8 or at 20°C for 24 h. The OD of the culture reached ~1.0 after 24 h of incubation at 20°C. Phospholipids were extracted and analyzed by thin-layer chromatography (Silicagel 60; Merck) as described previously (21). The level of incorporation of radioactivity into phospholipids was determined at least twice throughout this study, and experimental error was within 5%. Although GnsA overproduction had no effect on the phospholipid composition at 37°C, as previously reported (21), it significantly decreased the PE content at 20°C, causing an increase in the acidic phospholipid content (PG plus CL) from ~19 to ~33%. To confirm that the effect of GnsA overproduction is specific to low temperatures, cells were grown at 37°C to an OD660 of 0.8 and then incubated at 20°C for 3 h. When the labeling was started at 37°C, the phospholipid composition remained normal irrespective of the presence or absence of GnsA overproduction, suggesting that incubation for 3 h at 20°C did not affect the overall phospholipid composition. In contrast, when phospholipids synthesized after the temperature downshift were labeled, GnsA overproduction decreased the PE content and increased the acidic phospholipid contents. The culture turbidity increased by ~10% during cultivation at 20°C. These results indicate that GnsA overproduction specifically increases the acidic phospholipid contents at low temperatures. Essentially the same effects of GnsA overproduction were observed with KN553 (K003 {Delta}secG::Kanr) (11), FS1576 (12, 20), and KN370 (FS1576 {Delta}secG::Kanr) (10). We therefore examined the growth and phospholipid synthesis of KN553 harboring pKQ2 or pSRA after the temperature downshift. GnsA overproduction had little stimulatory effect on growth (Fig. 1A). In contrast, labeling of phospholipids decreased to ~20% upon GnsA overproduction (Fig. 1B).


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		TABLE 1. GnsA overproduction increases the acidic phospholipid contents at 20°C

 


View larger version (11K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 1. GnsA overproduction decreases phospholipid synthesis. KN553 cells harboring pKQ2 or pSRA were grown at 37°C to an OD660 of 0.8, and the temperature was then shifted to 20°C. (A) The OD660 of the culture was monitored at specified times after the temperature downshift. (B) Labeling of the cells with [32P]orthophosphoric acid was started after the temperature downshift. Phospholipids were extracted from 100 µl of culture at the specified time points, and then radioactivity was determined.

 
To analyze the synthesis of individual phospholipids with or without GnsA overproduction, K003 cells harboring pKQ2 or pSRA were grown in the presence of 0.2% arabinose at 37°C to an OD660 of 0.8 and then transferred to 20°C. At the indicated time points, aliquots of the culture were pulse-labeled with [32P]orthophosphoric acid for 2 min and then radioactivities incorporated into individual phospholipids were determined (Fig. 2). GnsA overproduction decreased the incorporation of 32P into the three phospholipids even at 37°C, although the decrease was less significant than that at 20°C. Incorporation of 32P into PG was greater than that into PE at 37°C whether GnsA was overproduced or not (Fig. 2A and B). It is known that the rate of PG synthesis is higher than that of PE synthesis, while the PG content is lower than the PE content due to the unstable property of PG (13, 14). The profile of 32P incorporation was significantly different at 20°C, at which the labeling of phospholipids drastically decreased. A higher level of radioactivity was incorporated into PE than PG without GnsA overproduction (Fig. 2A). In contrast, the level of radioactivity incorporated into PE, but not PG, was significantly decreased by GnsA overproduction (Fig. 2B). The level of radioactivity incorporated into CL remained low irrespective of the presence or absence of GnsA overproduction (Fig. 2A and B). The proportion of each phospholipid pulse-labeled for 2 min was determined at different time points (Fig. 2C and D). GnsA overproduction did not affect the proportions of the three phospholipids at 37°C. In marked contrast, the proportion of newly synthesized PE increased to ~60% at 20°C without GnsA overproduction (Fig. 2C) whereas it decreased to less than 20% upon GnsA overproduction (Fig. 2D). Essentially the same results were obtained with KN553 ({Delta}secG) cells (data not shown), indicating that SecG has no effect on the specificity of phospholipids synthesized at 20°C. Taken together, these results indicate that GnsA overproduction at 20°C specifically reduces the synthesis of PE, thereby causing increases in the acidic phospholipid contents.



View larger version (28K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 2. GnsA overproduction specifically inhibits PE synthesis at 20°C. K003 cells harboring pKQ2 (A and C) or pSRA (B and D) were grown at 37°C to an OD660 of 0.8, and the temperature was then shifted to 20°C (0 time). An aliquot (667 µl) of the culture was withdrawn at the indicated times before and after the temperature downshift, followed by labeling with [32P]orthophosphoric acid for 2 min at 37°C (gray area) or 20°C. (A and B) The phospholipids were extracted and analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. The levels of radioactivity incorporated into PE, PG, and CL were determined. (C and D) The proportions of PE, PG, and CL at different time points were calculated from the results in A and B.

 
The effects of GnsA overproduction on cell morphology were examined at 37 and 20°C. Although GnsA overproduction had no apparent effect on the cell morphology at 37°C (data not shown), more than 30% of both K003 and KN553 cells became filamentous upon the overproduction of GnsA at 20°C (Fig. 3). Some cells overproducing GnsA were longer than 20 µm, while the length of cells was ~3 µm without GnsA overproduction. It has been reported that PE is important for FtsZ ring formation, which is required for cell division (9). Indeed, a decrease in the level of PE causes the appearance of filamentous cells (2, 5, 15). Therefore, a decrease in the level of PE due to GnsA overproduction at 20°C is responsible for the appearance of elongated cells.



View larger version (100K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
  		FIG. 3. GnsA overproduction makes E. coli cells filamentous at low temperatures. K003 and KN553 cells harboring pKQ2 or pSRA were grown at 20°C for 24 h.

 
Although the increases in the unsaturated fatty acid contents were independent of temperature (17, 21), acidic phospholipid contents were increased by GnsA overproduction only at low temperatures. The increases in acidic phospholipid contents most likely resulted from inhibition of PE synthesis and not stimulation of PG and CL synthesis. However, it is not clear at present why the overproduction of GnsA, a small cytosolic protein possessing a helix-turn-helix motif (21), has such drastic and pleiotropic effects on the compositions of both fatty acids and phospholipids.

PE synthesis is dependent on phosphatidylserine (PS) synthase (18), which catalyzes the formation of PS from CDP-diacylglycerol and L-serine. PS is then rapidly converted to PE by PS decarboxylase. The synthesis of phospholipids and the maintenance of their compositions in membranes are regulated in complex manners and are not fully understood (18). GnsA overproduction may affect transcription, translation, and even enzyme activity. It has been reported that the inhibition of phospholipid synthesis rapidly blocks fatty acid synthesis (6). However, the relationship between the increases in the unsaturated fatty acid contents and the inhibition of PE, both of which are induced by GnsA overproduction, remains to be clarified.

Overproduction of GnsB, a homologue of GnsA, also caused increases in acidic phospholipid contents at low temperatures (data not shown). However, it had a lesser effect than GnsA overproduction. The increases in unsaturated fatty acid contents were also more significant with GnsA than with GnsB (21). Disruption of both gnsA and gnsB affected neither the phospholipid composition nor growth (data not shown). The levels of GnsA and GnsB are under the detection limits in wild-type cells (17, 21). More analyses are therefore necessary to reveal the physiological function of GnsA.


   ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
 
We thank Akihiko Okuno for his efforts in the initial stage of this study and Rika Ishihara for technical assistance and secretarial support.

This work was supported by grants to H.T. from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture of Japan.


   FOOTNOTES
 
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan. Phone: 81-3-5841-7830. Fax: 81-3-5841-8464. E-mail: htokuda{at}iam.u-tokyo.ac.jp. Back


   REFERENCES
Top
 Abstract
 Text
 References
 

  1. Bogdanov, M., and W. Dowhan. 1998. Phospholipid-assisted protein folding: phosphatidylethanolamine is required at a late step of the conformational maturation of the polytopic membrane protein lactose permease. EMBO J. 17:5255-5264.[CrossRef][Medline]
  2. DeChavigny, A., P. N. Heacock, and W. Dowhan. 1991. Sequence and inactivation of the pss gene of Escherichia coli. Phosphatidylethanolamine may not be essential for cell viability. J. Biol. Chem. 266:5323-5332.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  3. De Vrije, T., R. L. de Swart, W. Dowhan, J. Tommassen, and B. de Kruijff. 1988. Phosphatidylglycerol is involved in protein translocation across Escherichia coli inner membranes. Nature 334:173-175.[CrossRef][Medline]
  4. Duong, F., and W. Wickner. 1997. Distinct catalytic roles of the SecYE, SecG and SecDFyajC subunits of preprotein translocase holoenzyme. EMBO J. 16:2756-2768.[CrossRef][Medline]
  5. Hawrot, E., and E. P. Kennedy. 1978. Phospholipid composition and membrane function in phosphatidylserine decarboxylase mutants of Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 253:8213-8220.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  6. Jiang, P., and J. E. Cronan, Jr. 1994. Inhibition of fatty acid synthesis in Escherichia coli in the absence of phospholipid synthesis and release of inhibition by thioesterase action. J. Bacteriol. 176:2814-2821.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  7. Kontinen, V. P., and H. Tokuda. 1995. Overexpression of phosphatidylglycerophosphate synthase restores protein translocation in a secG deletion mutant of Escherichia coli at low temperature. FEBS Lett. 364:157-160.[CrossRef][Medline]
  8. Lill, R., W. Dowhan, and W. Wickner. 1990. The ATPase activity of SecA is regulated by acidic phospholipids, SecY, and the leader and mature domains of precursor proteins. Cell 60:271-280.[CrossRef][Medline]
  9. Mileykovskaya, E., Q. Sun, W. Margolin, and W. Dowhan. 1998. Localization and function of early cell division proteins in filamentous Escherichia coli cells lacking phosphatidylethanolamine. J. Bacteriol. 180:4252-4257.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  10. Nishiyama, K., M. Hanada, and H. Tokuda. 1994. Disruption of the gene encoding p12 (SecG) reveals the direct involvement and important function of SecG in the protein translocation of Escherichia coli at low temperature. EMBO J. 13:3272-3277.[Medline]
  11. Nishiyama, K., T. Suzuki, and H. Tokuda. 1996. Inversion of the membrane topology of SecG coupled with SecA-dependent preprotein translocation. Cell 85:71-81.[CrossRef][Medline]
  12. Ogura, T., P. Bouloc, H. Niki, R. D'Ari, S. Hiraga, and A. Jaffe. 1989. Penicillin-binding protein 2 is essential in wild-type Escherichia coli but not in lov or cya mutants. J. Bacteriol. 171:3025-3030.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  13. Pierucci, O. 1979. Phospholipid synthesis during the cell division cycle of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 138:453-460.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  14. Pierucci, O., M. Melzer, C. Querini, M. Rickert, and C. Krajewski. 1981. Comparison among patterns of macromolecular synthesis in Escherichia coli B/r at growth rates of less and more than one doubling per hour at 37°C. J. Bacteriol. 148:684-696.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  15. Raetz, C. R. 1976. Phosphatidylserine synthetase mutants of Escherichia coli. Genetic mapping and membrane phospholipid composition. J. Biol. Chem. 251:3242-3249.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  16. Rietveld, A. G., M. C. Koorengevel, and B. de Kruijff. 1995. Non-bilayer lipids are required for efficient protein transport across the plasma membrane of Escherichia coli. EMBO J. 14:5506-5513.[Medline]
  17. Rock, C. O., J. T. Tsay, R. Heath, and S. Jackowski. 1996. Increased unsaturated fatty acid production associated with a suppressor of the fabA6(Ts) mutation in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 178:5382-5387.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  18. Shibuya, I. 1992. Metabolic regulations and biological functions of phospholipids in Escherichia coli. Prog. Lipid Res. 31:245-299.[CrossRef][Medline]
  19. Shimizu, H., K. Nishiyama, and H. Tokuda. 1997. Expression of gpsA encoding biosynthetic sn-glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase suppresses both the LB– phenotype of a secB null mutant and the cold-sensitive phenotype of a secG null mutant. Mol. Microbiol. 26:1013-1021.[CrossRef][Medline]
  20. Stahl, F. W., I. Kobayashi, D. Thaler, and M. M. Stahl. 1986. Direction of travel of RecBC recombinase through bacteriophage lambda DNA. Genetics 113:215-227.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  21. Sugai, R., H. Shimizu, K. Nishiyama, and H. Tokuda. 2001. Overexpression of yccL (gnsA) and ydfY (gnsB) increases levels of unsaturated fatty acids and suppresses both the temperature-sensitive fabA6 mutation and cold-sensitive secG null mutation of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 183:5523-5528.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  22. Suzuki, H., K. Nishiyama, and H. Tokuda. 1998. Coupled structure changes of SecA and SecG revealed by the synthetic lethality of the secAcsR11 and {Delta}secG::kan double mutant. Mol. Microbiol. 29:331-341.[CrossRef][Medline]
  23. Suzuki, H., K. Nishiyama, and H. Tokuda. 1999. Increases in acidic phospholipid contents specifically restore protein translocation in a cold-sensitive secA or secG null mutant. J. Biol. Chem. 274:31020-31024.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  24. Yamane, K., S. Ichihara, and S. Mizushima. 1987. In vitro translocation of protein across Escherichia coli membrane vesicles requires both the proton motive force and ATP. J. Biol. Chem. 262:2358-2362.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

Journal of Bacteriology, September 2004, p. 5968-5971, Vol. 186, No. 17
0021-9193/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.186.17.5968-5971.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.




This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Sugai, R.
Right arrow Articles by Tokuda, H.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Sugai, R.
Right arrow Articles by Tokuda, H.

Home Help [Feedback] [For Subscribers] [Archive] [Search] [Contents]
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. Infect. Immun. Eukaryot. Cell
Mol. Cell. Biol. J. Virol. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev.
ALL ASM JOURNALS