This Article
Right arrow Full Text
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowReprints and Permissions
Right arrow Copyright Information
Right arrow Books from ASM Press
Right arrow MicrobeWorld
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Castanie-Cornet, M.-P.
Right arrow Articles by Foster, J. W.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Castanie-Cornet, M.-P.
Right arrow Articles by Foster, J. W.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Journal of Bacteriology, June 1999, p. 3525-3535, Vol. 181, No. 11
0021-9193/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.

Control of Acid Resistance in Escherichia coli

Marie-Pierre Castanie-Cornet,1 Thomas A. Penfound,1,dagger Dean Smith,2,Dagger John F. Elliott,2 and John W. Foster1,*

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, Alabama 36688,1 and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S22

Received 3 February 1999/Accepted 26 March 1999

Acid resistance (AR) in Escherichia coli is defined as the ability to withstand an acid challenge of pH 2.5 or less and is a trait generally restricted to stationary-phase cells. Earlier reports described three AR systems in E. coli. In the present study, the genetics and control of these three systems have been more clearly defined. Expression of the first AR system (designated the oxidative or glucose-repressed AR system) was previously shown to require the alternative sigma factor RpoS. Consistent with glucose repression, this system also proved to be dependent in many situations on the cyclic AMP receptor protein. The second AR system required the addition of arginine during pH 2.5 acid challenge, the structural gene for arginine decarboxylase (adiA), and the regulator cysB, confirming earlier reports. The third AR system required glutamate for protection at pH 2.5, one of two genes encoding glutamate decarboxylase (gadA or gadB), and the gene encoding the putative glutamate:gamma -aminobutyric acid antiporter (gadC). Only one of the two glutamate decarboxylases was needed for protection at pH 2.5. However, survival at pH 2 required both glutamate decarboxylase isozymes. Stationary phase and acid pH regulation of the gad genes proved separable. Stationary-phase induction of gadA and gadB required the alternative sigma factor sigma S encoded by rpoS. However, acid induction of these enzymes, which was demonstrated to occur in exponential- and stationary-phase cells, proved to be sigma S independent. Neither gad gene required the presence of volatile fatty acids for induction. The data also indicate that AR via the amino acid decarboxylase systems requires more than an inducible decarboxylase and antiporter. Another surprising finding was that the sigma S-dependent oxidative system, originally thought to be acid induced, actually proved to be induced following entry into stationary phase regardless of the pH. However, an inhibitor produced at pH 8 somehow interferes with the activity of this system, giving the illusion of acid induction. The results also revealed that the AR system affording the most effective protection at pH 2 in complex medium (either Luria-Bertani broth or brain heart infusion broth plus 0.4% glucose) is the glutamate-dependent GAD system. Thus, E. coli possesses three overlapping acid survival systems whose various levels of control and differing requirements for activity ensure that at least one system will be available to protect the stationary-phase cell under naturally occurring acidic environments.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Medical Sciences Building, Mobile, AL 36688. Phone: (334) 460-6323. Fax: (334) 460-7931. E-mail: fosterj{at}sungcg.usouthal.edu.

dagger Present address: Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105.

Dagger Present address: Vaccine Design Group, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0R6.

Journal of Bacteriology, June 1999, p. 3525-3535, Vol. 181, No. 11
0021-9193/99/$04.00+0
Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. All rights reserved.


This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Hu, Y., Lu, P., Wang, Y., Ding, L., Atkinson, S., Chen, S. (2009). OmpR positively regulates urease expression to enhance acid survival of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. Microbiology 155: 2522-2531 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Gao, X., Lu, F., Zhou, L., Dang, S., Sun, L., Li, X., Wang, J., Shi, Y. (2009). Structure and Mechanism of an Amino Acid Antiporter. Science 324: 1565-1568 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Sawaki, Y., Iuchi, S., Kobayashi, Y., Kobayashi, Y., Ikka, T., Sakurai, N., Fujita, M., Shinozaki, K., Shibata, D., Kobayashi, M., Koyama, H. (2009). STOP1 Regulates Multiple Genes That Protect Arabidopsis from Proton and Aluminum Toxicities. Plant Physiol. 150: 281-294 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tapley, T. L., Korner, J. L., Barge, M. T., Hupfeld, J., Schauerte, J. A., Gafni, A., Jakob, U., Bardwell, J. C. A. (2009). Structural plasticity of an acid-activated chaperone allows promiscuous substrate binding. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106: 5557-5562 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kailasan Vanaja, S., Bergholz, T. M., Whittam, T. S. (2009). Characterization of the Escherichia coli O157:H7 Sakai GadE Regulon. J. Bacteriol. 191: 1868-1877 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bearson, B. L., Lee, I. S., Casey, T. A. (2009). Escherichia coli O157 : H7 glutamate- and arginine-dependent acid-resistance systems protect against oxidative stress during extreme acid challenge. Microbiology 155: 805-812 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Reid, A. N., Pandey, R., Palyada, K., Naikare, H., Stintzi, A. (2008). Identification of Campylobacter jejuni Genes Involved in the Response to Acidic pH and Stomach Transit. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74: 1583-1597 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Thune, R. L., Fernandez, D. H., Benoit, J. L., Kelly-Smith, M., Rogge, M. L., Booth, N. J., Landry, C. A., Bologna, R. A. (2007). Signature-Tagged Mutagenesis of Edwardsiella ictaluri Identifies Virulence-Related Genes, Including a Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 Class of Type III Secretion Systems. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73: 7934-7946 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Giles, T. N., Graham, D. E. (2007). Characterization of an Acid-Dependent Arginine Decarboxylase Enzyme from Chlamydophila pneumoniae. J. Bacteriol. 189: 7376-7383 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bergholz, T. M., Tarr, C. L., Christensen, L. M., Betting, D. J., Whittam, T. S. (2007). Recent Gene Conversions between Duplicated Glutamate Decarboxylase Genes (gadA and gadB) in Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Mol Biol Evol 24: 2323-2333 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Richard, H., Foster, J. W. (2007). Sodium regulates Escherichia coli acid resistance, and influences GadX- and GadW-dependent activation of gadE. Microbiology 153: 3154-3161 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Sayed, A. K., Odom, C., Foster, J. W. (2007). The Escherichia coli AraC-family regulators GadX and GadW activate gadE, the central activator of glutamate-dependent acid resistance. Microbiology 153: 2584-2592 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Jennison, A. V., Verma, N. K. (2007). The acid-resistance pathways of Shigella flexneri 2457T. Microbiology 153: 2593-2602 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Mates, A. K., Sayed, A. K., Foster, J. W. (2007). Products of the Escherichia coli Acid Fitness Island Attenuate Metabolite Stress at Extremely Low pH and Mediate a Cell Density-Dependent Acid Resistance. J. Bacteriol. 189: 2759-2768 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lim, J. Y., Sheng, H., Seo, K. S., Park, Y. H., Hovde, C. J. (2007). Characterization of an Escherichia coli O157:H7 Plasmid O157 Deletion Mutant and Its Survival and Persistence in Cattle. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73: 2037-2047 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Moreau, P. L. (2007). The Lysine Decarboxylase CadA Protects Escherichia coli Starved of Phosphate against Fermentation Acids. J. Bacteriol. 189: 2249-2261 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Mujacic, M., Baneyx, F. (2007). Chaperone Hsp31 Contributes to Acid Resistance in Stationary-Phase Escherichia coli. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73: 1014-1018 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Fang, Y., Kolmakova-Partensky, L., Miller, C. (2007). A Bacterial Arginine-Agmatine Exchange Transporter Involved in Extreme Acid Resistance. J. Biol. Chem. 282: 176-182 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Castanie-Cornet, M.-P., Treffandier, H., Francez-Charlot, A., Gutierrez, C., Cam, K. (2007). The glutamate-dependent acid resistance system in Escherichia coli: essential and dual role of the His-Asp phosphorelay RcsCDB/AF. Microbiology 153: 238-246 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tramonti, A., De Canio, M., Delany, I., Scarlato, V., De Biase, D. (2006). Mechanisms of Transcription Activation Exerted by GadX and GadW at the gadA and gadBC Gene Promoters of the Glutamate-Based Acid Resistance System in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 188: 8118-8127 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Kieboom, J., Abee, T. (2006). Arginine-Dependent Acid Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium.. J. Bacteriol. 188: 5650-5653 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bhagwat, A. A., Tan, J., Sharma, M., Kothary, M., Low, S., Tall, B. D., Bhagwat, M. (2006). Functional Heterogeneity of RpoS in Stress Tolerance of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Strains.. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72: 4978-4986 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Leaphart, A. B., Thompson, D. K., Huang, K., Alm, E., Wan, X.-F., Arkin, A., Brown, S. D., Wu, L., Yan, T., Liu, X., Wickham, G. S., Zhou, J. (2006). Transcriptome Profiling of Shewanella oneidensis Gene Expression following Exposure to Acidic and Alkaline pH. J. Bacteriol. 188: 1633-1642 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bjornsdottir, K., Breidt, F. Jr., McFeeters, R. F. (2006). Protective Effects of Organic Acids on Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Acidic Environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72: 660-664 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • O'May, G. A., Reynolds, N., Macfarlane, G. T. (2005). Effect of pH on an In Vitro Model of Gastric Microbiota in Enteral Nutrition Patients. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 4777-4783 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Torres, A. G., Vazquez-Juarez, R. C., Tutt, C. B., Garcia-Gallegos, J. G. (2005). Pathoadaptive Mutation That Mediates Adherence of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O111. Infect. Immun. 73: 4766-4776 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Bhagwat, A. A., Chan, L., Han, R., Tan, J., Kothary, M., Jean-Gilles, J., Tall, B. D. (2005). Characterization of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli Strains Based on Acid Resistance Phenotypes. Infect. Immun. 73: 4993-5003 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Stewart, N., Feng, J., Liu, X., Chaudhuri, D., Foster, J. W., Drolet, M., Tse-Dinh, Y.-C. (2005). Loss of topoisomerase I function affects the RpoS-dependent and GAD systems of acid resistance in Escherichia coli. Microbiology 151: 2783-2791 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • O'May, G. A., Reynolds, N., Smith, A. R., Kennedy, A., Macfarlane, G. T. (2005). Effect of pH and Antibiotics on Microbial Overgrowth in the Stomachs and Duodena of Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Feeding. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43: 3059-3065 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Giangrossi, M., Zattoni, S., Tramonti, A., De Biase, D., Falconi, M. (2005). Antagonistic Role of H-NS and GadX in the Regulation of the Glutamate Decarboxylase-dependent Acid Resistance System in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 21498-21505 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Large, T. M., Walk, S. T., Whittam, T. S. (2005). Variation in Acid Resistance among Shiga Toxin-Producing Clones of Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71: 2493-2500 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Llama-Palacios, A., Lopez-Solanilla, E., Rodriguez-Palenzuela, P. (2005). Role of the PhoP-PhoQ System in the Virulence of Erwinia chrysanthemi Strain 3937: Involvement in Sensitivity to Plant Antimicrobial Peptides, Survival at Acid pH, and Regulation of Pectolytic Enzymes. J. Bacteriol. 187: 2157-2162 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Weber, H., Polen, T., Heuveling, J., Wendisch, V. F., Hengge, R. (2005). Genome-Wide Analysis of the General Stress Response Network in Escherichia coli: {sigma}S-Dependent Genes, Promoters, and Sigma Factor Selectivity. J. Bacteriol. 187: 1591-1603 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Maurer, L. M., Yohannes, E., Bondurant, S. S., Radmacher, M., Slonczewski, J. L. (2005). pH Regulates Genes for Flagellar Motility, Catabolism, and Oxidative Stress in Escherichia coli K-12. J. Bacteriol. 187: 304-319 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Vijayakumar, S. R. V., Kirchhof, M. G., Patten, C. L., Schellhorn, H. E. (2004). RpoS-Regulated Genes of Escherichia coli Identified by Random lacZ Fusion Mutagenesis. J. Bacteriol. 186: 8499-8507 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Naim, F., Messier, S., Saucier, L., Piette, G. (2004). Postprocessing In Vitro Digestion Challenge To Evaluate Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Fermented Dry Sausages. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 6637-6642 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Shimada, T., Makinoshima, H., Ogawa, Y., Miki, T., Maeda, M., Ishihama, A. (2004). Classification and Strength Measurement of Stationary-Phase Promoters by Use of a Newly Developed Promoter Cloning Vector. J. Bacteriol. 186: 7112-7122 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ma, Z., Masuda, N., Foster, J. W. (2004). Characterization of EvgAS-YdeO-GadE Branched Regulatory Circuit Governing Glutamate-Dependent Acid Resistance in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 186: 7378-7389 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Opdyke, J. A., Kang, J.-G., Storz, G. (2004). GadY, a Small-RNA Regulator of Acid Response Genes in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 186: 6698-6705 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Richard, H., Foster, J. W. (2004). Escherichia coli Glutamate- and Arginine-Dependent Acid Resistance Systems Increase Internal pH and Reverse Transmembrane Potential. J. Bacteriol. 186: 6032-6041 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Lease, R. A., Smith, D., McDonough, K., Belfort, M. (2004). The Small Noncoding DsrA RNA Is an Acid Resistance Regulator in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 186: 6179-6185 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Price, S. B., Wright, J. C., DeGraves, F. J., Castanie-Cornet, M.-P., Foster, J. W. (2004). Acid Resistance Systems Required for Survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the Bovine Gastrointestinal Tract and in Apple Cider Are Different. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 4792-4799 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Jydegaard-Axelsen, A.-M., Hoiby, P. E., Holmstrom, K., Russell, N., Knochel, S. (2004). CO2- and Anaerobiosis-Induced Changes in Physiology and Gene Expression of Different Listeria monocytogenes Strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70: 4111-4117 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Arends, S. J. R., Weiss, D. S. (2004). Inhibiting Cell Division in Escherichia coli Has Little If Any Effect on Gene Expression. J. Bacteriol. 186: 880-884 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Yohannes, E., Barnhart, D. M., Slonczewski, J. L. (2004). pH-Dependent Catabolic Protein Expression during Anaerobic Growth of Escherichia coli K-12. J. Bacteriol. 186: 192-199 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hommais, F., Krin, E., Coppee, J.-Y., Lacroix, C., Yeramian, E., Danchin, A., Bertin, P. (2004). GadE (YhiE): a novel activator involved in the response to acid environment in Escherichia coli. Microbiology 150: 61-72 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Farrell, M. J., Finkel, S. E. (2003). The Growth Advantage in Stationary-Phase Phenotype Conferred by rpoS Mutations Is Dependent on the pH and Nutrient Environment. J. Bacteriol. 185: 7044-7052 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Koutsoumanis, K. P., Kendall, P. A., Sofos, J. N. (2003). Effect of Food Processing-Related Stresses on Acid Tolerance of Listeria monocytogenes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 7514-7516 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ma, Z., Richard, H., Foster, J. W. (2003). pH-Dependent Modulation of Cyclic AMP Levels and GadW-Dependent Repression of RpoS Affect Synthesis of the GadX Regulator and Escherichia coli Acid Resistance. J. Bacteriol. 185: 6852-6859 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Iyer, R., Williams, C., Miller, C. (2003). Arginine-Agmatine Antiporter in Extreme Acid Resistance in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 185: 6556-6561 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Gong, S., Richard, H., Foster, J. W. (2003). YjdE (AdiC) Is the Arginine:Agmatine Antiporter Essential for Arginine-Dependent Acid Resistance in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 185: 4402-4409 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Waterman, S. R., Small, P. L. C. (2003). Transcriptional Expression of Escherichia coli Glutamate-Dependent Acid Resistance Genes gadA and gadBC in an hns rpoS Mutant. J. Bacteriol. 185: 4644-4647 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Jung, I. L., Kim, I. G. (2003). Polyamines and Glutamate Decarboxylase-based Acid Resistance in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 278: 22846-22852 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tucker, D. L., Tucker, N., Ma, Z., Foster, J. W., Miranda, R. L., Cohen, P. S., Conway, T. (2003). Genes of the GadX-GadW Regulon in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 185: 3190-3201 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Seputiene, V., Motiejunas, D., Suziedelis, K., Tomenius, H., Normark, S., Melefors, O., Suziedeliene, E. (2003). Molecular Characterization of the Acid-Inducible asr Gene of Escherichia coli and Its Role in Acid Stress Response. J. Bacteriol. 185: 2475-2484 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Nishino, K., Inazumi, Y., Yamaguchi, A. (2003). Global Analysis of Genes Regulated by EvgA of the Two-Component Regulatory System in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 185: 2667-2672 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Galland, D., Tourdot-Marechal, R., Abraham, M., Chu, K. S., Guzzo, J. (2003). Absence of Malolactic Activity Is a Characteristic of H+-ATPase-Deficient Mutants of the Lactic Acid Bacterium Oenococcus oeni. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69: 1973-1979 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Fu, C. J., Porter, J. H., Felton, E. E. D., Lehmkuhler, J. W., Kerley, M. S. (2003). Pre-harvest factors influencing the acid resistance of Escherichia coli and E. coli O157:H7. J ANIM SCI 81: 1080-1087 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Srinivasa Rao, P. S., Lim, T. M., Leung, K. Y. (2003). Functional Genomics Approach to the Identification of Virulence Genes Involved in Edwardsiella tarda Pathogenesis. Infect. Immun. 71: 1343-1351 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Ma, Z., Richard, H., Tucker, D. L., Conway, T., Foster, J. W. (2002). Collaborative Regulation of Escherichia coli Glutamate-Dependent Acid Resistance by Two AraC-Like Regulators, GadX and GadW (YhiW). J. Bacteriol. 184: 7001-7012 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tucker, D. L., Tucker, N., Conway, T. (2002). Gene Expression Profiling of the pH Response in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 184: 6551-6558 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Stancik, L. M., Stancik, D. M., Schmidt, B., Barnhart, D. M., Yoncheva, Y. N., Slonczewski, J. L. (2002). pH-Dependent Expression of Periplasmic Proteins and Amino Acid Catabolism in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 184: 4246-4258 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Spory, A., Bosserhoff, A., von Rhein, C., Goebel, W., Ludwig, A. (2002). Differential Regulation of Multiple Proteins of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium by the Transcriptional Regulator SlyA. J. Bacteriol. 184: 3549-3559 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Roe, A. J., O'Byrne, C., McLaggan, D., Booth, I. R. (2002). Inhibition of Escherichia coli growth by acetic acid: a problem with methionine biosynthesis and homocysteine toxicity. Microbiology 148: 2215-2222 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tramonti, A., Visca, P., De Canio, M., Falconi, M., De Biase, D. (2002). Functional Characterization and Regulation of gadX, a Gene Encoding an AraC/XylS-Like Transcriptional Activator of the Escherichia coli Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase System. J. Bacteriol. 184: 2603-2613 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Svensater, G., Bjornsson, O., Hamilton, I. R. (2001). Effect of carbon starvation and proteolytic activity on stationary-phase acid tolerance of Streptococcus mutans. Microbiology 147: 2971-2979 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Cui, S., Meng, J., Bhagwat, A. A. (2001). Availability of Glutamate and Arginine during Acid Challenge Determines Cell Density-Dependent Survival Phenotype of Escherichia coli Strains. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67: 4914-4918 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Arnold, C. N., McElhanon, J., Lee, A., Leonhart, R., Siegele, D. A. (2001). Global Analysis of Escherichia coli Gene Expression during the Acetate-Induced Acid Tolerance Response. J. Bacteriol. 183: 2178-2186 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Castanie-Cornet, M.-P., Foster, J. W. (2001). Escherichia coli acid resistance: cAMP receptor protein and a 20 bp cis-acting sequence control pH and stationary phase expression of the gadA and gadBC glutamate decarboxylase genes. Microbiology 147: 709-715 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Wei, Y., Lee, J.-M., Richmond, C., Blattner, F. R., Rafalski, J. A., LaRossa, R. A. (2001). High-Density Microarray-Mediated Gene Expression Profiling of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 183: 545-556 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Quivey, R. G. Jr, Kuhnert, W. L., Hahn, K. (2001). Genetics of Acid Adaptation in Oral Streptococci. CROBM 12: 301-314 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Choi, S. H., Baumler, D. J., Kaspar, C. W. (2000). Contribution of dps to Acid Stress Tolerance and Oxidative Stress Tolerance in Escherichia coli O157:H7. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66: 3911-3916 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Price, S. B., Cheng, C.-M., Kaspar, C. W., Wright, J. C., DeGraves, F. J., Penfound, T. A., Castanie-Cornet, M.-P., Foster, J. W. (2000). Role of rpoS in Acid Resistance and Fecal Shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66: 632-637 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Tao, H., Bausch, C., Richmond, C., Blattner, F. R., Conway, T. (1999). Functional Genomics: Expression Analysis of Escherichia coli Growing on Minimal and Rich Media. J. Bacteriol. 181: 6425-6440 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Coleman, S. T., Fang, T. K., Rovinsky, S. A., Turano, F. J., Moye-Rowley, W. S. (2001). Expression of a Glutamate Decarboxylase Homologue Is Required for Normal Oxidative Stress Tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 244-250 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


Copyright © 2009 by the American Society for Microbiology.   For an alternate route to Journals.ASM.org, visit: http://intl-journals.asm.org | More Info»