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Journal of Bacteriology, June 2002, p. 3203-3213, Vol. 184, No. 12
0021-9193/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.184.12.3203-3213.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

mig-14 Is a Salmonella Gene That Plays a Role in Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides

Igor E. Brodsky,1* Robert K. Ernst,2 Samuel I. Miller,2 and Stanley Falkow1

Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305,1 Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 981952

Received 29 January 2002/ Accepted 25 March 2002

It was previously demonstrated that the mig-14 gene of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is necessary for bacterial proliferation in the liver and spleen of mice following intragastric inoculation and that mig-14 expression, which is induced within macrophages, is under the control of the global regulator PhoP. Here we demonstrate that the mig-14 promoter is induced by growth in minimal medium containing low magnesium or acidic pH, consistent with regulation by PhoP. In addition, mig-14 is strongly induced by polymyxin B, protamine, and the mammalian antimicrobial peptide protegrin-1. While phoP is necessary for the induction of mig-14 in response to protamine and protegrin, mig-14 is still induced by polymyxin B in a phoP background. We also demonstrate that mig-14 is necessary for resistance of S. enterica serovar Typhimurium to both polymyxin B and protegrin-1. Gram-negative resistance to a variety of antimicrobial peptides has been correlated with modifications of lipopolysaccharide structure. However, we show that mig-14 is not required for one of these modifications, the addition of 4-aminoarabinose to lipid A. Additionally, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of wild-type and mig-14 lipopolysaccharide also shows no detectable differences between the two strains. Therefore, mig-14 contributes to Salmonella resistance to antimicrobial peptides by a mechanism that is not yet fully understood.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305. Phone: (650) 723-2671. Fax: (650) 723-1837. E-mail: ibrodsky{at}leland.stanford.edu.

Journal of Bacteriology, June 2002, p. 3203-3213, Vol. 184, No. 12
0021-9193/02/$04.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.184.12.3203-3213.2002
Copyright © 2002, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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