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Journal of Bacteriology, December 2003, p. 6790-6800, Vol. 185, No. 23
0021-9193/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.185.23.6790-6800.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

New Bacterial Pathway for 4- and 5-Chlorosalicylate Degradation via 4-Chlorocatechol and Maleylacetate in Pseudomonas sp. Strain MT1

Patricia Nikodem,1 Volker Hecht,2 Michael Schlömann,3 and Dietmar H. Pieper1*

Department of Environmental Microbiology,1 Department of Biochemical Engineering, GBF-German Research Center for Biotechnology, D-38124 Braunschweig,2 Interdisziplinäres Ökologisches Zentrum, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, D-09599 Freiberg, Germany3

Received 6 June 2003/ Accepted 2 September 2003

Pseudomonas sp. strain MT1 is capable of degrading 4- and 5-chlorosalicylates via 4-chlorocatechol, 3-chloromuconate, and maleylacetate by a novel pathway. 3-Chloromuconate is transformed by muconate cycloisomerase of MT1 into protoanemonin, a dominant reaction product, as previously shown for other muconate cycloisomerases. However, kinetic data indicate that the muconate cycloisomerase of MT1 is specialized for 3-chloromuconate conversion and is not able to form cis-dienelactone. Protoanemonin is obviously a dead-end product of the pathway. A trans-dienelactone hydrolase (trans-DLH) was induced during growth on chlorosalicylates. Even though the purified enzyme did not act on either 3-chloromuconate or protoanemonin, the presence of muconate cylcoisomerase and trans-DLH together resulted in considerably lower protoanemonin concentrations but larger amounts of maleylacetate formed from 3-chloromuconate than the presence of muconate cycloisomerase alone resulted in. As trans-DLH also acts on 4-fluoromuconolactone, forming maleylacetate, we suggest that this enzyme acts on 4-chloromuconolactone as an intermediate in the muconate cycloisomerase-catalyzed transformation of 3-chloromuconate, thus preventing protoanemonin formation and favoring maleylacetate formation. The maleylacetate formed in this way is reduced by maleylacetate reductase. Chlorosalicylate degradation in MT1 thus occurs by a new pathway consisting of a patchwork of reactions catalyzed by enzymes from the 3-oxoadipate pathway (catechol 1,2-dioxygenase, muconate cycloisomerase) and the chlorocatechol pathway (maleylacetate reductase) and a trans-DLH.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Bereich Mikrobiologie, AG Biodegradation, Gesellschaft für Biotechnologische Forschung mbH, Mascheroder Weg 1, D-38124, Braunschweig, Germany. Phone: 49 (0)531 6181-467. Fax: 49 (0) 531 6181-411. E-mail: dpi{at}gbf.de.

Journal of Bacteriology, December 2003, p. 6790-6800, Vol. 185, No. 23
0021-9193/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.185.23.6790-6800.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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