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Journal of Bacteriology, December 2003, p. 6841-6851, Vol. 185, No. 23
0021-9193/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.185.23.6841-6851.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Transcription of the Toxin Genes Present within the Staphylococcal Phage {phi}Sa3ms Is Intimately Linked with the Phage's Life Cycle

Paul Sumby{dagger} and Matthew K. Waldor*

Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, Massachusetts

Received 27 May 2003/ Accepted 27 August 2003

{phi}Sa3ms, a lysogenic bacteriophage encoding the staphylococcal enterotoxins SEA, SEG, and SEK and the fibrinolytic enzyme staphylokinase (Sak), was identified in the unannotated genome sequence of the hypervirulent community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus strain 476. We found that mitomycin C induction of {phi}Sa3ms led to increased transcription of all four virulence factors. The increase in sea and sak transcription was a result of read-through transcription from upstream latent phage promoters and an increase in phage copy number. The majority of the seg2 and sek2 transcripts were shown to initiate from the upstream phage cI promoter and hence were regulated by factors influencing cI transcription. The lysogeny module of {phi}Sa3ms was shown to have some {lambda}-like features with divergent cI and cro genes. Band shift assays were used to identify binding sites for both CI and Cro within the region between these genes, suggesting a mechanism of control for the {phi}Sa3ms lytic-lysogenic switch. Our findings suggest that the production of phage-encoded virulence factors in S. aureus may be regulated by processes that govern lysogeny.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Tufts Medical School, Department of Microbiology, 136 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111. Phone: (617) 636-2730. Fax: (617) 636-2723. E-mail: matthew.waldor{at}tufts.edu.

{dagger} Present address: Laboratory of Human Bacterial Pathogenesis, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840.

Journal of Bacteriology, December 2003, p. 6841-6851, Vol. 185, No. 23
0021-9193/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.185.23.6841-6851.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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