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Journal of Bacteriology, May 2003, p. 2774-2785, Vol. 185, No. 9
0021-9193/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.185.9.2774-2785.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Natural Variation in the Microcystin Synthetase Operon mcyABC and Impact on Microcystin Production in Microcystis Strains

Bjørg Mikalsen,1 Gudrun Boison,2 Olav M. Skulberg,3 Jutta Fastner,4 William Davies,1 Tove M. Gabrielsen,1 Knut Rudi,5 and Kjetill S. Jakobsen1*

Department of Biology, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo,1 NIVA, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, 0411 Oslo,3 MATFORSK, Norwegian Food Research Institute, 1430 Ås, Norway,5 Institute of Botany, University of Cologne, D-50923 Cologne,2 Technical University of Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany4

Received 1 July 2002/ Accepted 30 December 2002

Toxic Microcystis strains often produce several isoforms of the cyclic hepatotoxin microcystin, and more than 65 isoforms are known. This has been attributed to relaxed substrate specificity of the adenylation domain. Our results show that in addition to this, variability is also caused by genetic variation in the microcystin synthetase genes. Genetic characterization of a region of the adenylation domain in module mcyB1 resulted in identification of two groups of genetic variants in closely related Microcystis strains. Sequence analyses suggested that the genetic variation is due to recombination events between mcyB1 and the corresponding domains in mcyC. Each variant could be correlated to a particular microcystin isoform profile, as identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Among the Microcystis species studied, we found 11 strains containing different variants of the mcyABC gene cluster and 7 strains lacking the genes. Furthermore, there is no concordance between the phylogenies generated with mcyB1, 16S ribosomal DNA, and DNA fingerprinting. Collectively, these results suggest that recombination between imperfect repeats, gene loss, and horizontal gene transfer can explain the distribution and variation within the mcyABC operon.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1031 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway. Phone: 47 22 85 46 02. Fax: 47 22 85 46 05. E-mail: k.s.jakobsen{at}bio.uio.no.

Journal of Bacteriology, May 2003, p. 2774-2785, Vol. 185, No. 9
0021-9193/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.185.9.2774-2785.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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