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Journal of Bacteriology, May 2004, p. 3065-3077, Vol. 186, No. 10
0021-9193/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.186.10.3065-3077.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Agrobacterium rhizogenes GALLS Protein Substitutes for Agrobacterium tumefaciens Single-Stranded DNA-Binding Protein VirE2

Larry D. Hodges, Josh Cuperus, and Walt Ream*

Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331

Received 5 December 2003/ Accepted 9 February 2004

Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes transfer plasmid-encoded genes and virulence (Vir) proteins into plant cells. The transferred DNA (T-DNA) is stably inherited and expressed in plant cells, causing crown gall or hairy root disease. DNA transfer from A. tumefaciens into plant cells resembles plasmid conjugation; single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) is exported from the bacteria via a type IV secretion system comprised of VirB1 through VirB11 and VirD4. Bacteria also secrete certain Vir proteins into plant cells via this pore. One of these, VirE2, is an ssDNA-binding protein crucial for efficient T-DNA transfer and integration. VirE2 binds incoming ssT-DNA and helps target it into the nucleus. Some strains of A. rhizogenes lack VirE2, but they still transfer T-DNA efficiently. We isolated a novel gene from A. rhizogenes that restored pathogenicity to virE2 mutant A. tumefaciens. The GALLS gene was essential for pathogenicity of A. rhizogenes. Unlike VirE2, GALLS contains a nucleoside triphosphate binding motif similar to one in TraA, a strand transferase conjugation protein. Despite their lack of similarity, GALLS substituted for VirE2.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331. Phone: (541) 737-1791. Fax: (541) 737-0496. E-mail: reamw{at}orst.edu.

Journal of Bacteriology, May 2004, p. 3065-3077, Vol. 186, No. 10
0021-9193/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.186.10.3065-3077.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



This article has been cited by other articles:

  • Gelvin, S. B. (2009). Agrobacterium in the Genomics Age. Plant Physiol. 150: 1665-1676 [Full Text]  
  • Hodges, L. D., Lee, L.-Y., McNett, H., Gelvin, S. B., Ream, W. (2009). The Agrobacterium rhizogenes GALLS Gene Encodes Two Secreted Proteins Required for Genetic Transformation of Plants. J. Bacteriol. 191: 355-364 [Abstract] [Full Text]  
  • Hodges, L. D., Vergunst, A. C., Neal-McKinney, J., den Dulk-Ras, A., Moyer, D. M., Hooykaas, P. J. J., Ream, W. (2006). Agrobacterium rhizogenes GALLS Protein Contains Domains for ATP Binding, Nuclear Localization, and Type IV Secretion. J. Bacteriol. 188: 8222-8230 [Abstract] [Full Text]  


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