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Journal of Bacteriology, February 2004, p. 1158-1164, Vol. 186, No. 4
0021-9193/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.186.4.1158-1164.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Surface-Associated Flagellum Formation and Swarming Differentiation in Bacillus subtilis Are Controlled by the ifm Locus

Sonia Senesi,1 Emilia Ghelardi,1 Francesco Celandroni,1 Sara Salvetti,1 Eva Parisio,1 and Alessandro Galizzi2*

Dipartimento di Patologia Sperimentale, Biotecnologie Mediche, Infettivologia ed Epidemiologia, Università di Pisa, 56127 Pisa,1 Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia "A. Buzzati-Traverso" and Centro di Eccellenza in Biologia Applicata, Università degli Studi di Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy2

Received 2 July 2003/ Accepted 21 October 2003

Knowledge of the highly regulated processes governing the production of flagella in Bacillus subtilis is the result of several observations obtained from growing this microorganism in liquid cultures. No information is available regarding the regulation of flagellar formation in B. subtilis in response to contact with a solid surface. One of the best-characterized responses of flagellated eubacteria to surfaces is swarming motility, a coordinate cell differentiation process that allows collective movement of bacteria over solid substrates. This study describes the swarming ability of a B. subtilis hypermotile mutant harboring a mutation in the ifm locus that has long been known to affect the degree of flagellation and motility in liquid media. On solid media, the mutant produces elongated and hyperflagellated cells displaying a 10-fold increase in extracellular flagellin. In contrast to the mutant, the parental strain, as well as other laboratory strains carrying a wild-type ifm locus, fails to activate a swarm response. Furthermore, it stops to produce flagella when transferred from liquid to solid medium. Evidence is provided that the absence of flagella is due to the lack of flagellin gene expression. However, restoration of flagellin synthesis in cells overexpressing {sigma}D or carrying a deletion of flgM does not recover the ability to assemble flagella. Thus, the ifm gene plays a determinantal role in the ability of B. subtilis to contact with solid surfaces.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy. Phone: (39) 0382 505548. Fax: (39) 0382 528496. E-mail: galizzi{at}ipvgen.unipv.it.

Journal of Bacteriology, February 2004, p. 1158-1164, Vol. 186, No. 4
0021-9193/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.186.4.1158-1164.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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