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Journal of Bacteriology, April 2004, p. 2179-2194, Vol. 186, No. 7
0021-9193/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.186.7.2179-2194.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Reconstruction of the Central Carbohydrate Metabolism of Thermoproteus tenax by Use of Genomic and Biochemical Data

Bettina Siebers,1* Britta Tjaden,1 Klaus Michalke,1 Christine Dörr,1 Hatim Ahmed,1 Melanie Zaparty,1 Paul Gordon,2 Christoph W. Sensen,2 Arne Zibat,3 Hans-Peter Klenk,3 Stephan C. Schuster,4 and Reinhard Hensel1

Department of Microbiology, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen,1 Epidauros Biotechnologie AG, 82347 Bernried,3 Max-Planck Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, 72076 Tübingen, Germany,4 Sun Center of Excellence for Visual Genomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N12

Received 10 June 2003/ Accepted 13 November 2003

The hyperthermophilic, facultatively heterotrophic crenarchaeum Thermoproteus tenax was analyzed using a low-coverage shotgun-sequencing approach. A total of 1.81 Mbp (representing 98.5% of the total genome), with an average gap size of 100 bp and 5.3-fold coverage, are reported, giving insights into the genome of T. tenax. Genome analysis and biochemical studies enabled us to reconstruct its central carbohydrate metabolism. T. tenax uses a variant of the reversible Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway and two different variants of the Entner-Doudoroff (ED) pathway (a nonphosphorylative variant and a semiphosphorylative variant) for carbohydrate catabolism. For the EMP pathway some new, unexpected enzymes were identified. The semiphosphorylative ED pathway, hitherto supposed to be active only in halophiles, is found in T. tenax. No evidence for a functional pentose phosphate pathway, which is essential for the generation of pentoses and NADPH for anabolic purposes in bacteria and eucarya, is found in T. tenax. Most genes involved in the reversible citric acid cycle were identified, suggesting the presence of a functional oxidative cycle under heterotrophic growth conditions and a reductive cycle for CO2 fixation under autotrophic growth conditions. Almost all genes necessary for glycogen and trehalose metabolism were identified in the T. tenax genome.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: FB 9, Mikrobiologie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45117 Essen, Germany. Phone: 0049-201-1833442. Fax: 0049-201-1833990. E-mail: bettina.siebers{at}uni-essen.de.

Journal of Bacteriology, April 2004, p. 2179-2194, Vol. 186, No. 7
0021-9193/04/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/JB.186.7.2179-2194.2004
Copyright © 2004, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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