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Journal of Bacteriology, July 2005, p. 4531-4541, Vol. 187, No. 13
0021-9193/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.187.13.4531-4541.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Llama Antibodies against a Lactococcal Protein Located at the Tip of the Phage Tail Prevent Phage Infection

Hans J. W. De Haard,1,2* Sandra Bezemer,2 Aat M. Ledeboer,1 Wally H. Müller,3 Piet J. Boender,4,{dagger} Sylvain Moineau,5 Marie-Cecile Coppelmans,1 Arie J. Verkleij,3 Leon G. J. Frenken,1 and C. Theo Verrips1,3

Department of Biotechnology, Unilever Research Vlaardingen, 3133 AT Vlaardingen,1 Biotechnology Application Centre, 1411 GP Naarden,2 Department of Molecular Cell Biology, EMSA, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht,3 Biotechnology Research Unit, Organon Teknika, 5281 RM Boxtel, The Netherlands,4 Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Université Laval, Québec, Canada G1K 7P45

Received 9 September 2003/ Accepted 7 October 2004

Bacteriophage p2 belongs to the most prevalent lactococcal phage group (936) responsible for considerable losses in industrial production of cheese. Immunization of a llama with bacteriophage p2 led to higher titers of neutralizing heavy-chain antibodies (i.e., devoid of light chains) than of the classical type of immunoglobulins. A panel of p2-specific single-domain antibody fragments was obtained using phage display technology, from which a group of potent neutralizing antibodies were identified. The antigen bound by these antibodies was identified as a protein with a molecular mass of 30 kDa, homologous to open reading frame 18 (ORF18) of phage sk1, another 936-like phage for which the complete genomic sequence is available. By the use of immunoelectron microscopy, the protein is located at the tip of the tail of the phage particle. The addition of purified ORF18 protein to a bacterial culture suppressed phage infection. This result and the inhibition of cell lysis by anti-ORF18 protein antibodies support the conclusion that the ORF18 protein plays a crucial role in the interaction of bacteriophage p2 with the surface receptors of Lactococcus lactis.

* Corresponding author. Present address: Ablynx N.V., Technologiepark 4, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium. Phone: 32-92610631. Fax: 32-92610627. E-mail: hans.dehaard{at}ablynx.com.

{dagger} Present address: PamGene International B.V., 5200 BJ Den Bosch, The Netherlands.

Journal of Bacteriology, July 2005, p. 4531-4541, Vol. 187, No. 13
0021-9193/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.187.13.4531-4541.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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