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Journal of Bacteriology, December 2005, p. 8300-8311, Vol. 187, No. 24
0021-9193/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.187.24.8300-8311.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

ExbBD-Dependent Transport of Maltodextrins through the Novel MalA Protein across the Outer Membrane of Caulobacter crescentus

Heidi Neugebauer,1 Christina Herrmann,1 Winfried Kammer,2 Gerold Schwarz,2 Alfred Nordheim,2,3 and Volkmar Braun1*

Microbiology/Membrane Physiology,1 Cell Biology/Molecular Biology,2 Proteom Centrum Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany3

Received 6 September 2005/ Accepted 29 September 2005

Analysis of the genome sequence of Caulobacter crescentus predicts 67 TonB-dependent outer membrane proteins. To demonstrate that among them are proteins that transport nutrients other than chelated Fe3+ and vitamin B12—the substrates hitherto known to be transported by TonB-dependent transporters—the outer membrane protein profile of cells grown on different substrates was determined by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Maltose induced the synthesis of a hitherto unknown 99.5-kDa protein, designated here as MalA, encoded by the cc2287 genomic locus. MalA mediated growth on maltodextrins and transported [14C]maltodextrins from [14C]maltose to [14C]maltopentaose. [14C]maltose transport showed biphasic kinetics, with a fast initial rate and a slower second rate. The initial transport had a Kd of 0.2 µM, while the second transport had a Kd of 5 µM. It is proposed that the fast rate reflects binding to MalA and the second rate reflects transport into the cells. Energy depletion of cells by 100 µM carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone abolished maltose binding and transport. Deletion of the malA gene diminished maltose transport to 1% of the wild-type malA strain and impaired transport of the larger maltodextrins. The malA mutant was unable to grow on maltodextrins larger than maltotetraose. Deletion of two C. crescentus genes homologous to the exbB exbD genes of Escherichia coli abolished [14C]maltodextrin binding and transport and growth on maltodextrins larger than maltotetraose. These mutants also showed impaired growth on Fe3+-rhodotorulate as the sole iron source, which provided evidence of energy-coupled transport. Unexpectedly, a deletion mutant of a tonB homolog transported maltose at the wild-type rate and grew on all maltodextrins tested. Since Fe3+-rhodotorulate served as an iron source for the tonB mutant, an additional gene encoding a protein with a TonB function is postulated. Permeation of maltose and maltotriose through the outer membrane of the C. crescentus malA mutant was slower than permeation through the outer membrane of an E. coli lamB mutant, which suggests a low porin activity in C. crescentus. The pores of the C. crescentus porins are slightly larger than those of E. coli K-12, since maltotetraose supported growth of the C. crescentus malA mutant but failed to support growth of the E. coli lamB mutant. The data are consistent with the proposal that binding of maltodextrins to MalA requires energy and MalA actively transports maltodextrins with Kd values 1,000-fold smaller than those for the LamB porin and 100-fold larger than those for the vitamin B12 and ferric siderophore outer membrane transporters. MalA is the first example of an outer membrane protein for which an ExbB/ExbD-dependent transport of a nutrient other than iron and vitamin B12 has been demonstrated.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Mikrobiologie/Membranphysiologie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany. Phone: (49) 7071 2972096. Fax: (49) 7071 295843. E-mail: volkmar.braun{at}mikrobio.uni-tuebingen.de.

Journal of Bacteriology, December 2005, p. 8300-8311, Vol. 187, No. 24
0021-9193/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.187.24.8300-8311.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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